Qualities And Values That Made Jeff Skilling An Effective...

A few traits and values that made Jeff Skilling an effective leader were charisma, intelligence, and inspiration. Although there were many more traits and values that helped Skilling to be an effective leader, it is these three that I believe contributed the most to his effectiveness as the CEO and leader of Enron. One of the single most important traits to possess in order to be an effective leader is charisma. Jeff Skilling exuding charisma and was able to convince the media, shareholders, employees, and everyone in between that he was acting in their interest and running a company with integrity and honesty. Skilling’s charisma can be seen in many instances during his career at Enron, but one of his more striking instances of charismatic leadership was how he was able to influence all of the workers at Portland General Electric to convert their 401k’s into company stock (Gibney, 2005). Though this may sound like a relatively commonplace act, it took massive amounts o f charisma to gain the trust and confidence of an entire company’s employees. Another trait that Jeff Skilling possessed in order to be an effective leader was intelligence. Skilling was a highly intelligent man and used that intelligence to build Enron into the seventh largest corporation in the United States until its eventual downfall. According to Biography.com, Skilling received a B.S. in applied science from Southern Methodist University and later an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School (Jeffrey,Show MoreRelatedEnron: Corporate Culture3743 Words   |  15 Pagesthe industry up to experimentation and the culture embraced by Enron was one that expected their employees to explore this new playing field and make most out of it whether it be in ethical limits or not (The Smartest Guys in the Room, 2005).. Jeff Skilling the CEO and former president of Enron actively enforced a culture that would push employees to their limits. His motto when he was in charge was â€Å"Do it right, do it now and do it better†, he encouraged every employee to be creative, independentRead MoreWe Cannot Ignored Project Failures in an Organization2472 Words   |  10 Pagesleadership and communication as an aspect of project management will be critically evaluated in this research. A considerable amount of literature has been published on effective leadership styles. There are lots of reasons why leadership style is titled good or failure and it depends on the attitude of the leader. The attitude of a leader determines the nature and success of an organisation. Hutches (2000) said, â€Å"Individuals in leadership roles often fail for four reasons: their ambition exceeds theirRead MoreOrganizational Fraud9733 Words   |  39 Pagesinvolved in fraud 17 9. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP 17 10. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL GOVERNANCE 18 11. FRAMEWORK OF GOOD ORGANIZATIONAL GOVERNANCE 18 12. WHAT CAN ORGANIZATIONAL GOVERNANCE DO? 19 13. COMMON SENSE APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL GOVERNANCE 20 14. ISSUES OF ETHICS AND MORALITY 20 15. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND CULTURE 20 15.1 Organizational Fraud Triangle 21 15.2 Lessons for Managers 23 16. HOW TO PREVENT FRAUDS 23 17. ROLE OF HR INRead MoreEnron Scandal2929 Words   |  12 Pagesexpressing her unique perspective on the real cause of Enron’s demise. This essay catches the reader’s attention instantly, because unlike abundant other articles written on the biggest corporate scandal in American history, the author here rejects Jeff Skilling’s (former president of Enron) argument1 of what brought about Enron’s downfall. She instead uses another metaphor, arguing that Enron’s downfall was more like Titanic’s- hubris and over reliance on checks and balances that led to its demiseRead MoreChapter 9: Behavioral and Organizational Issues in Management Accounting and Control Systems16548 Words   |  67 Pagesombudsperson or mediator, work with respected leaders in the organization to change the discrepancy, go outside the organization publicly, go outside the organization anonymously, resign and go public, resign and remain silent, and do nothing and hope that the problem will dissolve. 9-10 An ethical control system is a system that promotes ethical decision making in an organization. Key elements include the following: A statement of the organization’s values and code of ethics. Read MoreManagement and Rolls Access Code14663 Words   |  59 Pagesyou read and study this chapter. Historical Background of Management †¢ Explain why studying management history is important. †¢ Describe some early evidences of management practice. Scientific Management †¢ Describe the important contributions made by Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. †¢ Explain how today’s managers use scientific management. General Administrative Theory †¢ Discuss Fayol’s contributions to management theory. †¢ Describe Max Weber’s contribution to managementRead MoreApproaches to Organisation and Management19498 Words   |  78 Pagesââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  contrast  main  features  of  different  approaches  to  organisation  and management; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  evaluate  the  relevance  of  these  different  approaches  to  the  present-day management  of  organisations; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  explain  the  relationships  between  management  theory  and  practice; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  assess  the  value  of  the  study  of  different  approaches  to  organisation  and management; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  recognise  the  relationship  between  the  development  of  theory,  behaviour in  organisations  and  management  practice; ââ€"  Ã‚  Ã‚  establish  a  basis  for  consideration  of  aspects  of  organisational  behaviour Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Management by Objectives (MBO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Total Quality Management (TQM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Policy Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Sources of Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Effective Policy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Implementing Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership

Carbon Tax Carbon Taxes Essay - 720 Words

Carbon Tax A carbon tax is a fee on the emissions released from burning fossil fuels. According to carbontax.org, it is an â€Å"antidote to rigged corporate energy pricing†. So unlike cap-and-trade, it does not â€Å"create complex and easily gamed ‘carbon markets’ with allowances, trading and offsets†. It is implemented by placing a tax on carbon emissions. So carbon that is within products such as plastics will not be taxed as it does not get burned and release emissions into the atmosphere. The tax will be placed at the point where the fuel is extracted, imported, supplied, and consumed. As with all implementations, it will have its benefits and drawbacks. Benefits Having a carbon tax will encourage further research and development of more efficient alternatives. With the extra cost of using fossil fuels, companies will look into alternative sources like solar and wind for their power needs. This tax will also be a monetary incentive on a local level to push consumers to look for alternatives. In turn, this lowers emissions, saves them money, and has a positive impact to the environment. The revenue collected from the tax could be directed to funding for those alternative energy sources. More funding means more opportunity to develop effective alternative sources, because today, fossil fuels are simply more powerful, effective, and reliable. Having options to other equally efficient and effective energy is good because depending on different regions; one source may be moreShow MoreRelatedThe Cap And Trade System862 Words   |  4 PagesCap and trade is a system aimed at diminishing the rate at which carbon is emitted into the atmosphe re by creating an economic system based on meeting a certain minimal threshold or paying low-emitting companies for the right to emit in their place. For example, if company A only emits half of the emissions cap, that company can sell (or trade) the remaining credits to company B, should company B choose to emit one-and-a-half times the cap. A main objection to the cap and trade system is that itRead MoreNotes On Cap And Trade Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesand trade is usually the policy referred to when the literature uses the ambiguous phrase of ‘carbon pricing.’ While a carbon tax is functionally a pricing mechanism, the small quantity of available cases of implementation mean that cap and trade is the default mechanism for carbon pricing in the status quo. The primary benefit of the cap and trade approach is creating an almost infinitely scalable carbon market. Cap and trade accomplishes this by functioning simultaneously as a disincentive and anRead MoreThe Cost Of A Carbon Tax Or Cap And Trade System1161 Words   |  5 Pagesimplication with the imposition of a carbon tax or cap and trade system is that depending on the industry specialization of the country, it can result in primarily hurting the industries that are key actors in the local economy. Hence, at times, it is difficult for industries to promote clean energy at a reasonable time to internalize the extra cost imposed on them through a carbon tax policy. For instance, the Conservative government in Canada had opposed carbon pricing, arguing that it would hurtRead MoreCarbon Tax Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesCarbon Tax Essay In February 2011, the Australian federal government declared a scheme to implement a Carbon Tax from July 1, 2012. Implementing this scheme has generated a controversial debate between Australians. The term â€Å"Carbon tax† refers to an environmental tax forcing polluters to pay per ton of carbon which they release into the atmosphere. This essay will provide the economical, social and political implication of carbon taxes, also with its introduction who will benefit and who would sufferRead MoreCarbon-Tax and a Cap-and-Trade Strategy Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesDistinguish between a carbon-tax and a cap-and-trade strategy for reducing carbon dioxide and other so-called greenhouse gases (that are believed by many scientists to be causing global warming). According to the case, the carbon-tax and a cap-and-trade system are the best economic tool to employ to reduce emissions. As we know, taxes are the most important expense for a company or firm, if they would emit much more carbon dioxide and other gases, they need to pay more taxes on using carbon recourses. ItRead MoreThe Balance Between Ecological Sustainability And Economic Progress1177 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion should be answered. The balance between ecological sustainability and economic progress must be addressed when understanding whether a policy will remain feasible. Solvency for this solution must reach a global scale, due to the amount of carbon emissions that must be reduced by foreign nations. This means the best policy would likely have a mechanism to facilitate international cooperation. Lastly the magnitude of the situation calls for economic overhauls in times too short to be feasibleRead MoreA Summary On The Executive Summary1422 Words   |  6 Pagesabout wi thout having to skip all through the whole thing. Background The climatic changes which are considered globally have catered a lot in redefining policies. Most of the human activities usually produce a lot greenhouse gases, which include the carbon (IV) oxide. These gases usually accumulate in the atmosphere, creating an ozone layer which has a great impact on the climatic conditions of the earth. The size of those changes and damages in the atmosphere has remained very uncertain, but the estimateRead MoreA Brief Look at Climate Change1838 Words   |  7 Pagescontributes to rising seawater levels around the world, posing serious threats to human life. A required immediate response from the government to rectify the climate change problem includes penalizing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Hence a carbon tax should be aimed at: lowering GHGs emissions by penalizing polluters, motivate people to shift towards renewable sources of energy and foster social welfare by minimizing externalities and environmental damage that would contrarily o ccur in business-as-usualRead MoreDevelopment of Cleaner Carbon Technologies945 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed the exchange of carbon capture and storage information with the knowledge of safe and efficient nuclear plant management. This information being a national security issue has to be approved by the US government it provides leverage to isolate and disrupt domestic interest groups. Internationally, the United States can provide channels to broker thee agreements. More directly the U.S should attempt to collaborate directly with china in the development of cleaner carbon technologies. The bestRead MoreThe Government s Carbon Tax Policy3029 Words   |  13 Pagesexplain the government’s carbon tax policy? Carbon tax is collected from the tax on the carbon content of fuels. It is in the form of carbon pricing. The carbon is present in all the hydrocarbons (oil coal and natural gas) and is sources of carbon dioxide. It offers a cost-effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It also will help to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emissions and the cost of their action. Economics theory is used for the government of the carbon tax policy. By the increase

Analysis Of The Book The Castle Is A Veritable Prison,...

More Journal Entries People me To Hayden Brown Dec 15 at 6:37 PM Citation Page Passage Commentary Page 12 â€Å"The Count halted, putting down my bags...† This shows how well Dracula treats him as Jonathan first arrives to the estate. Jonathan treats Dracula s castle as if is a hotel upon first arrival. I find it interesting how quickly he changes his view of the place later in the novel. Page 27 â€Å"The castle is a veritable prison, and I am a prisoner!† Jonathan obviously did not know what he was getting into. The fact that he cannot find a way out shows one of the many mysteries about Dracula and where he stays. I feel like being trapped is gonna be a future motif or symbol later in the novel. Page 27 â€Å"A horrible sense of nausea came over me...† Stoker s use of imagery supplies us with helpful character development. The â€Å"nausea† shows how repulsive Dracula is. Just the touch of him made Harker want to throw up. Page 52 â€Å"He might kill me, but death now seemed happier the choice of evils.† I find it interesting that he s contradicting how he first viewed his situation when he arrives. He now is so miserable and terrified that he s almost looking forward to death. I would be to if I was in his situation. I wonder what other choice of evils are there to make death seem like the best option? Page 26 â€Å"What music they make!† His use of personification to reference the wolves hollering also shows Dracula s love for animals. His reference to wolves show how important animalsShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytical Analysis of Bram Stokers Dracula1790 Words   |  8 PagesCarlos Dena Honors English 11 5/20/13 Critical Analysis on Dracula With several illicit subjects listed throughout Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the book becomes a playground for psychoanalysts. Whether it be to see a subjects as simple as the conscious take over a character, or a character’s surroundings corrupting its victims, Dracula intrigues in more ways than just its vampiristic features. The following is a psychoanalytic study with a focus on vampirism imitating sexual practice and drug usage todayRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesA PicA Trix MiscellAny Underground Edition 2007 e.v. CONTENTS On the Picatrix I. Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western AstrologyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed

Barilla Essay Research Paper Barilla SpA AGiorgio free essay sample

Barilla Essay, Research Paper Barilla SpA ( A ) Giorgio Maggiali was going progressively frustrated. As manager of Logistics for the universe # 8217 ; s largest pasta manufacturer, Barilla SpA, he was acutely cognizant of the turning load that demand fluctuations imposed on the company # 8217 ; s fabrication and distribution system. Since his assignment in 1988 as Director of Logistics, he had been seeking to do headroom on an advanced thought proposed by Brando Vitali, who had served as Barilla # 8217 ; s manager of Logistics before Maggiali. The thought, which Vitali called Just-in-Time Distribution ( JITD ) , was modeled after the popular # 8220 ; Just-In-Time # 8221 ; fabricating construct. In kernel, Vitali proposed that, instead than follow the traditional pattern of presenting merchandise to Barilla # 8217 ; s distributers on the footing of whatever orders those distributers placed with the company, Barilla # 8217 ; s ain logistics organisation would alternatively stipulate the # 8220 ; appropriate # 8221 ; bringin g quantities-those that would more efficaciously fitting end consumer # 8217 ; s needs yet would besides more equally administer the work load on Barilla # 8217 ; s fabrication and logistics systems. For two old ages Maggiali, a strong protagonist of Vitali # 8217 ; s proposal, had tried to implement the thought, but now, in the spring of 1990, small advancement had been made. It seemed that Barilla # 8217 ; s clients were merely unwilling to give up their authorization to put orders as they pleased ; some were even loath to supply the elaborate gross revenues informations upon which Barilla could do bringing determinations and better its demand prognosiss. Possibly more disconcerting was the internal opposition from Barilla # 8217 ; s ain gross revenues and selling organisations, which saw the construct as impracticable or unsafe, or both. Possibly it was clip to fling the thought as merely impracticable. If non, how might he increase the opportunities that the thought would be accepted? Company Background Barilla was founded in 1875 when Pietro Barilla opened a little store in Parma, Italy on via Vittorio Emanuele. Bordering the store was the little # 8220 ; research lab # 8221 ; Pietro used to do the pasta and staff of life merchandises he sold in his shop. Pietro # 8217 ; s boy Ricardo led the company through a important period of growing, and in the 1940s, passed the company to his ain boies, Pietro and Gianni. Over clip, Barilla evolved from its modest beginnings into a big, vertically incorporate corporation with flour nothings, pasta workss, and bakery-product mills located throughout Italy. SPA ( Societa per Azioni ) can be translated as # 8220 ; Society for Stockholders # 8221 ; and interpreted as In a crowded field of over 2,000 Italian pasta makers, Pietro and Gianni Barilla differentiated their company with a high quality merchandise supported by advanced selling plans. Barilla revolutionized the Italian pasta industry # 8217 ; s selling patterns by making a strong trade name name and image for its pasta, selling pasta in a certain -cardboard box with a recognizable colour form, instead than in majority, and puting in large-scale advertisement plans. In 1968, to back up the double-digit gross revenues growing the company experienced during the 1960s, Pietro and Gianni Barilla began building of a 1.25 million square metre state-of-the art pasta works in Pedrignano, a rural town 5 kilometer outside of Parma. The cost of this monolithic facility-the largest and most technologically advanced pasta works in the world-drove the Barillas deeply into debt. In 1971, they sold the company to the American multi-national house W. R. Grace, Inc. Grace brought extra capital investing and professional direction patterns to the company and launched an of import new Mulino Bianco ( # 8220 ; White Mill # 8221 ; ) line of bakeshop merchandises. Throughout the 1970s, confronting hard economic conditions -and new Italian statute law that both capped retail pasta monetary values and increased cost-of-living allowances for employees, Grace struggled to do its Barilla acquisition wage off. In 1979, Grace sold the company back to Pietro Barilla, who by so had secured the # 8216 ; necessary financess to buy it. The capital investings and organisational alterations that Grace had brought to Barilla, combined with bettering market conditions, helped Pietro Barilla launch a successful return to the company. During 1980s, Barilla enjoyed an one-year growing rate of over 21 % ( see Exhibit 1 ) . Growth was realized through enlargement of bing concerns, both in Italy and other European states, every bit good as through acquisition of new, related concerns. In 1990, Barilla was the largest pasta maker in the universe, doing 35 % of all pasta sold in Italy and 229/6 of all pasta sold in Europe. Barilla # 8217 ; s portion in Italy comprised its three trade names: the traditional Barilla trade name represented 32 % of the market, the staying 3 % of market portion was divided between its Voiello trade name ( a traditional Neapolitan pasta viing in the costly section of the semolina pasta market ) and its Braibanti trade name ( a high-quality, traditional Parmesan pasta made from eggs and semolina ) . About half of Barilla # 8217 ; s pasta was sold in northern Italy and half in the South, where Barilla held a smaller portion of the market than in the North but where the market was larger. In add-on, Barilla held a 29 % portion of the Italian bakery-products market. In 1990, Barilla was organized into seven divisions: three pasta divisions ( Barilla, Voiello, and Braibanti ) the Bakery Products Division ( fabricating medium to hanker shelf-life bakeshop merchandises ) , the Fresh Bread Division ( fabricating really short shelf-life bakeshop merchandises ) , the Catering Division ( administering bars and frozen crescent rolls to bars and pastry stores ) , and the International Division. ( Exhibits 2 and 3 show the organisational construction of -the company. ) Corporate central offices were located next to the Pedrignano pasta works

Lab Report Essay Example

Lab Report Essay LAB REPORT FOR EXPERIMENT 3 COPPER CYCLE OLANREWAJU OYINDAMOLA Abstract This experiment is based on copper, to synthesize some copper compound using Copper (II) nitrate solution to obtain copper metal at the end. Changes of copper complexes when various are added and filtering out the precipitate by using Buchner funnel for vacuum filtration. The experiment started with preparation of copper (II) hydroxide and addition of copper oxide then addition of droplets of chloride complex. Then the addition of ammonium complex and the preparation of copper metal. And the vacuum filtration takes place. Introduction Copper is a reddish-orange metal that is used widely in the electronics industry due to its properties of high ductility and conductivity. Results Reagents| Appearance| Volume (or Mass)| Concentration (or Molar Mass)| Cu(NO3)2 (aq)| Light blue solution| 10 ml| 0. 10 M| NaOH (aq)| Clear solution| 20 ml | 2 M| HCl (aq)| Clear solution| 20 drops| 6 M | NH3 (aq)| Clear solution| 7 drops| 6 M| H2SO4 (aq)| Clear solution| 15 ml | 1. M| Zn dust| Silvery substance| 0. 15 g| | ethanol| Clear solution| 5 ml | | Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 6. 00grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =6. 05grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 050 / 63. 55 =0. 00079 moles Volume of Cu (NO3)2 (aq): 10 ml We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Concentration of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) : 0. 10 M Convert ml to l: 10 / 1000 = 0. 010 liters Using the formulae: concentration = moles / volume 0. 10=moles/0. 010 Moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 001 moles Mass of empty bottle = 42. 53grams Mass of empty bottle +copper metal =42. 58grams Mass of copper metal recovered after the experiment = 0. 050 grams Finding moles of copper: Moles = mass/ Mr = 0. 05/ 63. 55 =0. 0008 moles Since we have got moles of copper metal and copper nitrate solution we can find the percentage yield of the copper metal obtained from the experiment. yield = actual value / theoretical value * 100% =moles of copper metal obtained/ moles of Cu (NO3)2 (aq) = 0. 0008/0. 001 * 100% =80% Thus the percentage yield of the copper obtained was 80 %. Addition of NaoH solution to Cu (NO3)2 gave a dark blue solution. After boiling the Solution gotten above, I sieved out the water and had CuO(s) left in the Beaker. The addition of HCl (drop wise) to CuO gave a yellowish green solution. When NH4OH solution was added it gave a yellowish green solution. I added 15ml of 1. m H2SO4 to yellowish green solution co I suspect the copper complex to be [Cu (H2O) 6]2+, since it gave a blue-green solution. When zinc dust was added to The solution a shiny reddish brown metal was formed. Discussion It is observed that copper was conserved throughout the experiment. And despite The conservation of copper in the reaction, the percentage recovery of copper is less than 100%. i had 80% of copper recovered from Cu (NO3)2. After pouring out the supernatant some CuO clung to the wall of the beaker. Therefore, the HCl did not dissolve all of the CuO. This unreacted CuO causes a decrease in the mass of Cu recovered. Also, I forgot to scrunch the copper formed before drying. The clumps of copper might contain some water which increases its mass when weighed. It is necessary to synthesize the various compounds one after the other in order to recover copper metal because, it is not possible to get copper metal because it is not possible to get copper directly from Cu (NO3)2. all these phases are needed to be passed through. When zinc is added a zinc hexaquo complex is formed from the bonding of Zn2+ with six molecules of water. The addition of H2SO4 causes the Cu2+ from Cu(OH)2 to combine with water molecules to form [Cu(H2O)6]2+. The Cu(OH)2 is gotten from reaction of CuCl2 with NH3. The percent yield depends on whether certain reactions were completed or not. my percent yield 80% is affected by incomplete reaction of CuO with HCl. During the decomposition of Cu (OH) 2, some Cu might have been lost in heat form. Also when transferring the copper from the Buchner funnels into the weighing bottle, some copper metal were stuck to the funnel. This would also decrease the percent yield of copper gotten. Conclusion Given the concentration of Cu (NO3)2 and volume as 10. 0ml, the percent recovery of copper gotten from synthesis of copper compounds is 80%. References Cotton Albert; Wilkinson ,Geoffrey ;murillo,carlos;bochmann,Manfred. advanced inorganic chemistry,6th Ed; John Wiley and sons ltd:Canada,pp868-869 Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Essay Determining the Acceleration Due to Gravity with a Simple Pendulum Quintin T. Nethercott and M. Evelynn Walton Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, UT, USA (Dated: March 6, 2013) Using a simple pendulum the acceleration due to gravity in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA was found to be (9. 8 +/- . 1) m/s2 . The model was constructed with the square of the period of oscillations in the small angle approximation being proportional to the length of the pendulum. The model was supported by the data using a linear ? t with chi-squared value: 0. 7429 and an r-square value: 0. 99988. This experimental value for gravity agrees well with and is within one standard deviation of the accepted value for this location. I. INTRODUCTION The study of the motion of the simple pendulum provided valuable insights into the gravitational force acting on the students at the University of Utah. The experiment was of value since the gravitational force is one all people continuously exp erience and the collection and analysis of data proved to be a rewarding learning experience in error analysis. Furthermore, this experiment tested a mathematical model for the value of gravity that that makes use of the small-angle approximation and the proportional relationship between the square of the period of oscillations to the length of the pendulum. Sources of error for this procedure included precision in both length and time measurement tools, reaction time of the stopwatch holder, and the accuracy of the stopwatch with respect to the lab atomic clock. The ? nal result of g takes into account the correction for the error introduced using the approximation. There are opportunities to correct for the e? cts of mass distribution, air buoyancy and damping, and string stretching[1]. Our results do not take these e? ects into account at this time. A. Theoretical Introduction The general form of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation can be used to ? nd the force between any two bodies. FG = ? G mME ? 2 r RE (1) 2 On earth this equation can be simpli? ed to F = ? mg? with the value r GME 2 RE taken to be the constant g. The value of gravity in Salt Lake City (elev. 1320 m) according to this model is: 9. 81792 m/s2 [3][4][5]. The simple pendulum provides a way to repeatedly measure the value of g. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The equation of motion from the free body diagram in Figure 1[2]: FIG. 1: Free body diagram of simple pendulum motion[2]. F = ma = mgsin? can be written in di? erential form ? g ?=0 L The solution to this di? erential equation relies on the small angle approximation sin? ?: (2) (3) ? for small ?(t) = ? 0 cos( g ) L (4) 3 The Taylor expansion ?(t) ?o [1 ? gt2 g 2 t2 ] + 2L 4! L2 (5) allows us to take the ? dependence out of the equation of motion. Taking the second derivative of the approximation gives the following: g ? ? = 0 L (6) 0 g g g g + ? = 0 =? ?0 = ? L L L L g L, (7) 4? 2 T2 ? We know from the ? rst derivative ? = ? so it follows that since ? 2 = = g L ?0 . g 4? 2 =? 2 L T (8) From the initial conditions it is also clear that the initial amplitude ? is equal to ? 0 and so the linear relationship between length L and period T 2 can be expressed as T2 = . 4? 2 L g (9) Using the small angle approximation introduces a small systematic error in the period of oscillation, T. Fo r instance the maximum amplitude angle ? for a 1 percent error is . 398 radians or 22. 8 degrees; to reduce the error to 0. 1 percent the angle must be reduced to . 126 radians or 7. 2 degrees. This experiment used an angle of about 10 degrees and that introduced an error of 0. percent. The calculations for the systematic error are found in the Appendix. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Setup As seen in Figure 2, the pendulum apparatus was set up using a round metal bob with a hook attached to a string. The string passed through a hole in an aluminum bar, which was attached to 4 the wall. The length of the string could be adjusted, and the precise point of oscillation was ? xed by a screw, which also connected a protractor to the aluminum bar. FIG. 2: Experiment setup. Length measurements for the pendulum were taken using a meter stick and caliper. The caliper was used to measure the diameter of the bob, having an uncertainty of 0. 01cm. The total length was measured by holding the meter stick up against the aluminum bar, and measuring from the pivot point to the bottom of the bob. The bottom was determined by holding a ruler horizontally against the bottom of the bob. The meter stick measurements had an uncertainty of 0. 2cm. Time measurements were made using a stopwatch. For measuring the ? rst swing the starting time was determined by holding the bob in one hand and the stopwatch in the other and simultaneously releasing the bob and pushing Start. The stopping point, and starting point for the second oscillation, was determined by watching the bob and pushing Stop/Start when the bob appeared to reach the top of the swing and stop. The precision of the stopwatch was compared with an atomic clock by measuring several one second intervals. The precision of the time measurements were also a? ected by reaction time and perception of starting and stopping points of the person taking the measurements. Time measurements were taken by the same person to keep the uncertainty in reaction time consistent. 5 B. Procedure To determine which measurements weremost reliable, data was taken for the period of the ? rst oscillation, second oscillation, and twenty oscillations (omitting the ? rst) at a set length of 20. 098 cm. The length was then adjusted to 65. 5647 cm, and the same measurements were taken. To see the limits of the small angle approximation measurements of 20 oscillations (omitting the ? rst) at a ? xed length of 60. 1605 cm were taken by beginning the swing at angles of 5, 10, 20, and 40 degrees. Measurements were then taken for 20 oscillations (omitting the ? rst) for lengths of 20. 098, 26. 898, 32. 898, 60. 1605, 65. 6467, 74. 648, 89. 848, 104. 548, 116. 498, and 129. 898 cm at a starting angle of about 10 degrees. III. RESULTS The result for g obtained from both measured values of L and T 2 from equation 9 as well as from the slope in the Linear Fit model (Figure 4) agree very well with accepted results for g. The precision could be improved by corrections for e? ects of mass distrib ution, air buoyancy and damping, and string stretching[1]. TABLE I: Period measurements at di? erent Angles Degrees 3 5 10 20 40 Average Period of 20 Oscillations 31. 18333 31. 24833 31. 266 31. 50833 32. 06667 Average Period of Oscillation 1. 559167 1. 62417 1. 5633 1. 575417 1. 60333 IV. DISCUSSION By measuring 20 oscillations the average period is determined by dividing by 20 and this helps reduce the error since the error propagation will provide an uncertainty in the period that is the uncertainty in the time measurement divided bytwenty. From Table 1 and Figure 3 the limits of the small angle approximation are shown. Between 10 and 20 degrees the theoretical model begins to breakdown and the measured period deviates from the theoretical value. Measurements taken at less than 10 degrees will be more accurate for the small angle approximation model that was used. Two methods were used to calculate a value of g from the data. The ? rst method used to calculate a value of g from the measurements taken is making the calculation from each of the 6 1. 62 1. 60 T (sec) 1. 58 1. 56 1. 54 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Angle (degrees) FIG. 3: Period dependence on angle as ? increases from 3-40 degrees. Equation W eight Residual Sum of Squares y = a + b*x Instrumental 0. 77429 Value Intercept T^2 Slope 0. 01559 4. 01435 Standard Error 0. 03001 0. 04913 T 2 (sec ) 2 Length (m) FIG. 4: Linear Fit graph with error bars in T 2 . The slope of this line was used to calculate g. en di? erent lengths, using the measurements shown inTable 7 of 20 oscillations at the di? erent lengths, and taking the average. The calculated average g was (9. 7 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 . The second method used was applying a linear least squares ? t to the values of length and the 7 accompanying T 2 . Figure 4 shows this method and gives the values for the ? t parameters. The value of g is determined by using the slope of the line and gave a value of g to be (9. 8 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 . Figure 5 shows that data has a random pattern and all of the error bars go through zero, which means that the data is a good ? for a linear model. 0. 10 0. 05 Residual T 2 0. 00 -0. 05 -0. 10 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 Independent Variable FIG. 5: Random pattern of Residual T 2 . As discussed in the theoretical introduction, a value of g 9. 81792 m/s2 can be calculated using G, ME , and RE . The value of g varies depending on location due to several factors including the non-sphericity of the earth, and varying density. A more accurate value of g in Salt Lake City, Utah can be calculated by taking into account these e? ects. The National Geodetic Survey website, which interpolates the value of g at a speci? latitude, longitude and elevation from observed gravity data in the National Geodetic Survey’s Integrated Data Base, was used to determine an accepted value of g for Sal t Lake City, Utah, for which to compare the calculated results[7][8][6]. The accepted value for g in Salt Lake City, Utah is (9. 79787 + / ? 0. 00002) m/s2 . Comparing the two methods used to calculate g shows that the least squares linear ? t provided a value of g that is closer to the theoretical[3][4][5] and accepted[7][8][6] values of g. The calculation of g supports the small angle approximation model that was used. The linear relationship to length and period squared provided by the approximation gave a way of employing a least squares linear ? t to the data to determine a value of g. Since the calculated value was 8 within one standard deviation from the theoretical value, the model was supported. V. CONCLUSION The small angle approximation model, which gives g as being proportional to T 2 and L, was supported by the data taken using a simple pendulum. The residual of the data showed that it was a good ? t for a linear model, and the least squares linear ? t of the data had ? t parameters of chi-squared: 0. 7429 and an r-square value: 0. 99988. The value of g taken from the slope of the least squares linear ? t provided a value of g: (9. 8 + / ? 0. 1) m/s2 , which is within one standard deviation of the accepted value of gravity in Salt Lake City: 9. 79787 m/s2 [6]. The experiment was a good way of testing the small angle approximation because the period measured using di? erent starting angle s was consistent for angles less than 10 degrees. Using the small angle approximation the relationship between period squared and length was linear so a least squares linear ? t could be utilized to calculate g. The value of g calulated using the least squares linear ? t could then be compared to the accepted value of g for the location, thus verifying the model that was employed. [1] R. A. Nelson, M. G. Olsson, Am. J. Phys. 54, 112 (1986). [2] A. G. Dall’As? n, Undergraduate Lab Lectures, University of Utah,(2013). e [3] B. N. Taylor,The NIST Reference,physics. nist. gov/cuu/Reference/Value? bg,(2013). [4] D. R. Williams, Earth Fact Sheet, nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact. html, (2013). [5] Salt Lake Tourism Center, http://www. slctravel. com/welcom. htm, (2013). [6] National Geodetic Survey,www. gs. noaa. gov/cgi-bin/grav-pdx. prl, (2013). [7] Moose, R. E. , The National Geodetic Survey Gravity Network, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NOS 121 NGS 39, 1986. [8] Morelli, C. : The International Gravity Standardization Net 1971, Internation al Association of Geodesy, Special Publication 4, 1971. 9 VI. A. APPENDIX A Error Analysis B. Time The sources of error introduced in this experiment came from the tools we used to measure length: calipers for the bob and a meter stick for the string length as well as the stop watch used to time each period of oscillation. Measuring the period had several sources of error including precision, the atomic clock benchmark, the reaction time of the experimentor, and the statistical error which was the standard deviation from the measurements taken. On the whole, the relative error in T was greater so that was the error used in the linear ? t analysis. ?T = 1 20 (? Treaction )2 + (? Tatomic )2 + (? Tprecision )2 + (? Tstatistical )2 (10) Equation 10 also takes into account the error propagation in taking the time period for twenty oscillations. This ? T is the random error; to account for the systematic error introduced by using the small angle approximation the complete solution for the period of oscillation is as follows [2]: 1 ? max 9 ? max T (? max ) = T0 + T0 [ sin2 ( ) + sin4 ( )] 4 2 64 2 (11) To ? nd the percent error introduced by the angle used in the experiment the solution in equation 11 was rearranged to give: T (? max ) ? To 1 ? max 9 ? max = sin2 ( ) + sin4 ( ) T0 4 2 64 2 (12) The angle used in this experiment was 10 degrees. Plugging that value into the right side of equation twelve gives a value of . 002967. It follows that T0 = T (? max ) 1. 002967 (13) Each of our measured values of T was corrected by this factor. To get the error for T 2 : ? T 2 = T ? T The results are found in Table 7. These values were plotted in ? gures 4 and 5. (14) 10 C. Gravity The errors in the calculations for g were determined di? erently for the two methods. The uncertainty in the least square ? t was calculated from the slope and uncertainty of the slope (see Figure 4). ?g = The calculations of g from L and T 2 used: ? g = g ( These values are found in Table 8. 4? 2 ? m m2 (15) ?L 2 ? T 2 2 ) + (2 ) L T (16) Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper If the room temperature for this experiment had been lower, the length of he resonating air column would have been shorter, The length of air column is directly proportional to temperature due to -?31 masts. 2. An atmosphere of helium would cause an organ pipe to have a higher pitch because the speed of sound is taster in helium, but since the pitch tot a tuning fork has a set frequency, the pitch will not change, 3. If you measure an interval of S seconds between seeing a lighting flash and hearing the thunder with the temperature of air being ICC, the lightning was 1715 meters away, x=mm 4. If a tuning fork is held over a resonance tube at ICC, and resonance occurs t 12 CM and 34 CM below the top of the tube, the frequency of the tuning fork is 783 Hzs- XX=LA-LA In-0. 340. 12 v-messmates v=331ms296273 v-345 ms 345 m) t-783 Hzs CONCLUSION The purpose of this experiment was to use tuning forks of known frequencies to create wavelengths by making sound waves and measuring the air column, This resonance tube apparatus will represent a closed pipe. Wavelengths may be found by measuring the difference between two successive tube lengths at which resonance occurs and will be half the wavelength. The original hypothesis for this experiment was that the speed of the sound will be greater due to the enrapture of the air being higher. In the experiment, when the water was lowered to different heights which in turn caused a change in length of the air columns. Which then allowed the tuning fork to resonant. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the percent error calculation, the experimental value was 348 urn/s and the theoretical speed of sound avgas 343 m/s, which avgas a error. In the experiment, learned that as frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. The experiment verified the principle of resonance in a closed tube. The original hypothesis was proven during the experiment; the speed Of sound Of Will be greater due to the temperature of the air being higher. Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod. The end of the rod attached to the crank moves in a circular motion, while the other end is usually constrained to move in a linear sliding motion. In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism that converts linear motion into rotating motion. Connecting rods may also convert rotating motion into linear motion. Historically, before the development of engines, they were first used in this way. In this laboratory we will investigate the kinematics of some simple mechanisms used to convert rotary motion into oscillating linear motion and vice-versa. The first of these is the slider-crank a mechanism widely used in engines to convert the linear thrust of the pistons into useful rotary motion. In this lab we will measure the acceleration of the piston of a lawn mower engine at various speeds. The results exemplify a simple relation between speed and acceleration or kinematical restricted motions, which will discover. An adjustable slider- crank apparatus and a computer simulation will show you some effects of changing the proportions of the slider-crank mechanism on piston velocity and acceleration. Other linkages and cam mechanisms may also be used for linear- rotary motion conversion and some of these will be included in the lab Abstract The distance between the piston and the centre of the crank is controlled by the triangle formed by the crank, the connecting rod and the line from the piston to the centre of the crank, as shown in [ Figure 1 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since the lengths of the crank and connecting rod are constant, and the crank angle is known the triangle POP is completely defined. From this geometry, the distance s is given by [1]: The rightmost position of P occurs when the crank and connecting rod are in line along the axis at P and the distance from O to P is I + r. Since the distance measured in the experiment uses this position as the reference location, the distance measured is given by: This means that x is a function of the crank angle O and that the relationship is not linear. Figure 1 Geometry of Crank and Connecting Rod Mechanism Procedure 1 . )III of equipments for experiment of slider crank are set in good condition. 2. )Before taking readings,we turned the crank slowly and watched the movement of the piston to make sure it moves in the correct direction 3. ) The angle of the circle, is twisted at degrees and a resulting distance that the piston moves, q is measured. The position of sliding block/slider, x is calculated 4. ) The procedures number 3 and number 4 are repeated with an increasing angle of 5 degrees until the angle of circle reaches 3600 5. ) The graph of the position of slider, against angles of circle, is plotted. Apparatus Crank and connecting rod assembly Conclusion From the experiment we can conclude that the motion of the piston will gradually approach simple harmonic motion in increasing value of connecting rod and crank ratio. Even though that is the case in this experiment we did not really get the graph as said in theory but it is almost the same. I believe that we had done something wrong while doing the experiment. The graph plotted can be shown that almost all the graphs tend to move to simple harmonic motion. The experiment was a simple one but it really needs a lot of time to take the eating. Lab Report Essay Example Lab Report Paper Countersink: Used to stain red the cells that have been decolonize (Gram cells). C. Decontrolling agent: removes the primary stain so that the countersink can be absorbed. D. Mordant: Increases the cells affinity for a stain by binding to the primary stain. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 ; 74 Question 3: Why is it essential that the primary stain and the countersink be of contrasting colors? Answer: Cell types or their structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of the stain that is retained. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 73 Question 4: which is the most crucial step in the performance of the Gram staining procedures? Explain. Answer: Decentralization is the most crucial step of the Gram stain. Over-decentralization will result in lost of the primary stain causing Gram positive organisms to appear Gram negative. Under-decentralization will not completely remove the C.V.-I (crystal-violet-iodine) complex, causing Gram negative organisms to appear Gram positive. Source: Microbiology A Pages 74 Question 5: Because of a snowstorm, your regular laboratory session was cancelled and the Gram staining procedure was performed on cultures incubated for a longer period of time. Examination of the stained Bacillus cereus slides revealed a great deal of color variability, ranging from an intense blue to shades of pink. Account for this result. Answer: The organisms lost their ability to retain the primary stain and appear to be gram-variable. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ Pages 74 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 12 The purpose of the Acid fast stain is to identify the members of the genus Mycobacterium, which represent bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Mycobacterium has a thick, waxy wall that makes penetration by stains extremely difficult so the acid fast stain is used because once the primary stain sets it cannot be removed with acid alcohol. This stain is a diagnostic value in identifying these organisms. MATERIALS: * Bunsen burner * Hot plate * Inoculating loop * Glass slides * Bibulous paper * Lens paper * Staining tray * Microscope METHODS: 1. Prepared a bacterial smear of M. Schematic, S. Erasures, ; a mixture of M. Schematic ; S. Erasures 2. Allowed 3 bacterial slides to air dry ; then heat fixed over Bunsen burner 8 times. . Set up for staining over the beaker on hot plate, flooded smears with primary stain-crystal fuchsia and steamed for 8 minutes. 4. Rinsed slides with water 5. Decolonize slides with acid alcohol until it runs clear with a slight red color. 6. Rinsed with water 7. Countersigned with methyl blue for 2 minutes 8. Rinsed slides with water. 9. Blot dry using bibulous paper and examine under oil immersion * Mycobacterium Schematic * S. Erasures * A mixture of S. Erasures ; M. Schematic RESULTS AND DATA USED: 1. M. Schematic, a bacilli bacteria that colored pink resulting in acid fast. 2. S. Urges, a Cisco bacteria that colored blue resulting in non acid fast. 3. M. Schematic ; S. Erasures resulted in both acid fast ; non acid fast. CONCLUSION The conclusion to the acid fast stain is that S. Erasures lacks a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to be easily removed during decentralization, causing it to pick up the countersink-methyl blue. This results in a non acid fast reaction, meaning it is not in the genus Mycobacterium. M. Schematic has a cellular wax wall causing the primary stain to set in and not be decolonize; this results in an acid fast reaction meaning it is in the genus Mycobacterium. REVIEW QUESTIONS Question 1: Why must heat or a surface-active agent be used with application of the primary stain during acid-fast staining? Answer: It reduces surface tension between the cell wall of the embarcadero and the stain. Source: Microbiology page 79 Question 2: Why is acid-alcohol rather than ethyl alcohol used as a decontrolling agent? Answer: Acid-fast cells will be resistant to decentralization since the primary stain is more soluble in the cellular waxes than in the decontrolling agent. Ethyl alcohol would make the acid fast cells non-resistant to the decentralization. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/ page 79 Question 3: What is the specific diagnostic value of this staining procedure? Answer: Acid-fasting staining represents bacteria that is pathogenic to humans Question 4: Why is the application of heat or a surface-active agent not required during the application of the counter stain in acid-fast staining? Answer: The counter stain methyl blue is only needed to give the stain its color. Source: Microbiology A page 79 Question 5: A child presents symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis, namely a respiratory infection with a productive cough. Microscopic examination f the childs sputum reveals no acid-fast rods. However, examination of gastric washings reveals the presence of both acid-fast and non-acid fast bacilli. Do you think the child has active tuberculosis? Explain. Answer: Yes, the child may have active tuberculosis. Although, acid-fast microorganisms are not easily removed and non-acid fast are. Tuberculosis represents bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, the stain is of diagnostic value identifying these organisms. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G. Cappuccino, Natalie Sherman/ 2008/page 79 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER 13 The purpose of this experiment is to identify the difference between the bacterial spore and vegetative cell forms. The vegetative cells are highly resistant, metabolically inactive cell types. The endoscope is released from the degenerating vegetative cell and becomes an independent cell. MATERIALS: * hot plate * staining tray * inoculating loop * glass slides * bibulous paper * lens paper * microscope 1 . The spore stain (Schaeffer-Fulton Method) is performed on a microscopic slide by making an individual smear of the bacteria on slide and heat fixing until dry. 2. Flood the smears with malachite green and place on top of a beaker of warm eater on a hot plate, allowing it to steam for 5 minutes. 3. Remove the slide and rinse with water. 4. Add counter stain seafaring for 1 minute then rinse again with water and blot dry with bibulous paper. MICROORGANISMS USED: * S. Erasures * S. Erasures B. Rues mix RESULTS/DATA USED 1. B. Cereus- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endoscope located in center of cell 2. B. Cereus S. Erasures- green spores, pink vegetative cells, endoscope located in center of cell CONCLUSION: An endoscope is a special type of dormant cell that requires heat to uptake the primary stain. To make endoscopes readily noticeable, a spore stain can be used. In using a microscope, under oil immersion, you will be able to identify the color of the spores, color of the vegetative cells and be able to locate the endoscope in certain bacteria like S. Erasures and B. Cereus. Question 1: Why is heat necessary in spore staining? Answer: The heat dries the dye into the vegetative cell of the spore. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 2: Explain the function of water in spore staining. Answer: The water removes the excess primary stain, while the spores remain green the water nines the vegetative cells that are now colorless. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 Question 3: Assume that during the performance of this exercise you made several errors in your spore- staining procedure. In each of the following cases, indicate how your microscopic observations WOUld differ from those observed when the slides were prepared correctly. Answer: a. ) You used acid-alcohol as the decontrolling agent. The alcohol would wash out all coloring from the bacteria. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 b. ) You used seafaring as the primary stain and malachite green as the countersink. Seafaring will absorb to vegetative cells and not endoscopes since you need heat for endoscopes to form and malachite green will not absorb without heat but it will to vegetative cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 85 c. ) You did not apply heat during the application of the primary stain. Without heat, the endoscopes will not form and it will not penetrate the spore to color the vegetative cell. Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 5 Question 4: Explain the medical significance of a capsule. Answer: The capsule protects bacteria against the normal phagocyte activities of the host cells. Source: Microbiology Lab Manual, 8th edition, Cappuccino Sherman, p. 7 Question 5: Explain the function of copper sulfate in this procedure. Answer: It is used as a decontrolling agent rather than water, washes the purple primary stain out of the capsular material without removing the stain bound to the cell wall, the capsule absorbs the copper sulfate and will appear blue. Cappuccino Sherman, p. 88 LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER AAA The purpose of this experiment is to identify the best chemotherapeutic agents used for infe ctious diseases. S. Erasures is the infectious disease used for this experiment. MATERIALS: * Sense-disc dispensers or forceps * sterile cotton swabs * glassware marking pencil * millimeter ruler Using the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test method is used. This method Uses an Antibiotic Sense-disc dispenser, which placed six different types of antibiotics on an Mueller-Hint agar plate, infected with S. Erasures. The antibiotics are in the form of small, round disc, approximately mm in diameter. The antibiotics are placed evenly away from each other on the S. Erasures infected Mueller-Hint agar plate and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for up to 48 hours. After the completed incubation time, any area surrounding the antibiotic disc which shows a clearing or an area of inhibition is then measured. Measurements are taken from the diameter of each antibiotic area of inhibition. This measurement will determine which of the antibiotics is best to be used against the specific organism. (In this case, S. Erasures) MICROORGANISMS USED: S. Erasures ANTIBIOTICS USED: Autocratic Erythrocyte Cylindrical Geocentric Fancying Linemen A chart showing the measurements of each antibiotic is used to determine its effectiveness. The three different types of ranges are: Resistant (Least useful) Intermediate (Medium useful) Susceptible (Most useful) The following results are: Zone Size Autocratic mm (Susceptible) Erythrocyte mm (Intermediate) Cylindrical mm (Intermediate) Geocentric mm (Susceptible) Fancying 13 mm (Susceptible) Linemen 21 mm (Susceptible) CONCLUSION: 4 of the 6 antibiotics above can be effectively used against inhibiting this organism (S. Erasures). This information would be passed on to the provider of the infected patient, so the patient can be given the antibiotic chosen by their provider and recover from this infection. LAB EXPERIMENT NUMBER BOB The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. MATERIALS: The materials used are five Traipses soy agar plates. 24-48 hours Triplicate soy broth cultures of E. Coli, B. Cereus, S. Erasures and M. Specialist. The microorganisms used were E. Coli, B. Cereus, S. Erasures and M. Specialist. The data collected in this experiment shows chlorine bleach having the broadest anger of microbial activity because it has the strongest ingredients. Tincture of iodine and hydrogen peroxide seems to have the narrowest range because the contents arent as strong. CONCLUSION: The Agar Plate-Sensitivity Method shows the effectiveness of antiseptic agents against selected test organisms. The antiseptic exhibited microbial activity against each microorganism. Question 1: Evaluate the effectiveness of a disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40. Answer: A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient of 40 indicates the chemical agent being more effective than the phenol. Source: Microbiology A Laboratory Manual 4th Edition/ James G.

jefferson and hamilton essays

jefferson and hamilton essays Both Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton are very popular known men today. Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 in Virginia. Both had many different ways of looking at the world. Both were very different in many ways. Hamilton was a country person, while Jefferson likes to be a city person. At that time 95% of the people lived in the country, while only 5% of the people lived in the city. Thomas Jefferson was from the south. At that time there were two sides the North and the south. In the North the main image was that you were very religious. Though, in the south the main image was to fool around, basically to have fun. Jefferson could have been recognized as a country boy. Jeffersons idea for a government was that a farmer couldnt do what a local government could do, and a local government couldnt do what a state could have done, and a state couldnt do what a Federal Government couldnt do. Jeffersons beliefs included that aristocracy was a talent, while Hamilton thought that Hamilton thought aristocracy was a form of wealth. Jefferson could be known as a scientist, author, statesman, architect, philosopher, and a farmer. Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, and came to know what is now America. Thomas Jefferson had many ups and down of his life. He became a president and served for two terms. Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States. After Jeffersons wife died in 1782 Jefferson became very lonely and sad. To overcome his loneliness Jefferson became a good friend with a married woman. They both liked the company of each other. No one knew if the friendship of the two was just more then friends. The year Jefferson was inaugurated it was 1801. Though, there was a secret relationship between Jefferson and his black housekeeper Sally Hemmings. He had several children from her as well. Jefferson never agreed too much of this but disagreed with it. Jefferson is th...

Hormonal Influences on Breast Tissue during the Normal Menstrual Cycle Assignment

Hormonal Influences on Breast Tissue during the Normal Menstrual Cycle - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that according to Suri, the hormonal imbalance in female patient affects MRI accuracy. Menstrual occurs during cycles of between twenty-three and thirty-five days. In the book, Suri, explains that after the first half of the menstrual cycle is the best time to perform a breast MRI in women who experience a normal menstrual cycle. It is very difficult to figure out the best time to perform an MRI on women with an irregular menstrual cycle. Studies have shown that it is essential for doctors to measure progesterone levels before performing a breast MRI in women with irregular menstrual cycles. This helps in improving accuracy hence reducing the possibility of repeat tests. An MRI uses magnetic and radio waves to create a three-dimension image of the breast. A gadolinium which is a contrast resolution is injected into the body during an MRI. It collects in areas which have cancer growth thus helping doctors to see cancer. When progesterone levels are high more blo od flows in the breast. When this is the case, the contrast solution collects through ought the entire breast. This makes distinguishing regular tissues and irregular tissues hard, hence a possibility of repetition. According to Michell, today measuring of progesterone level should be done before a breast MRI is done routinely especially for women who have irregular menstrual cycles. However menstrual cycle whether regular or irregular should be put into consideration before an MRI is done. Disappointingly, most radiologists do not assess progesterone level or even put the women’s menstrual cycle into consideration. This turns out to be very expensive due to the repeat test which cost a tone of money. If a woman is about to have a breast MRI scan, she should talk to her radiologist about timing the MRI with respect to their menstrual cycle. If possible, Michell suggests that women should avoid going for a breast MRI during the second half of their menstrual cycle. This is bec ause progesterone levels are high during this period hence affecting the accuracy of the MRI resulting to repeat tests which are very expensive.