The Female Function In Homer’s Iliad

In the story of Homer's Iliad, the roles of women are clearly drawn. The function, from mortal to immortal is to influence male characters. The main female roles also have the functions of mother, daughter, wives, goddesses, and prizes. Through out this poetic recount of war, telling of battles on the field, and in heaven, of all the varying roles of the female characters, each one can be pared down to influencer of a male, whether god, or mortal. One of the main figures of the Iliad is Helen of Troy. Her function is that of a prize.She is to be won, taken, and the group that has her is the one who wins. There are other instances in which females are used for the sole purpose of prizes, to be bargained or fought for. Towards the beginning of the Iliad, King Agamemnon is so upset that he has to give Chryseis back to her father, Chryses, in order to make Apollo stop attacking his country, that he takes Achillies' â€Å"prize†, Briseis. Later on in the story, when trying to make this up to Achillies to try and get him to save Agamemnon and the rest of the Danaans ships, the role of the woman is again to be used as a prize.King Agamemnon states' â€Å"I have three daughters†¦ let him take the one of his choice, freely and without gifts of wooing,† (Book 9). Even daughters are used as bargaining tools, or prizes by their own fathers. Daughters have different roles in the story, depending on if the daughter is mortal, or immortal. The daughters that are mortal have very little to say about who they are going to marry, or what will happen to them if their city gets â€Å"sacked† and they are to be divided among the fighters as loot.The daughters of the immortals, however, have a much more functioning role, as they are influencer to men and god alike. Minerva, in particular, has a way of getting what she wants from her father Jove. She influences his decisions, so that she can get her own way. Minerva also does as she's told to, and sends infl uential messages down to the men in battle more then once, being the good daughter that she is. Minerva is just one of the goddesses listed in the Iliad, and the functions of the goddesses vary, although, the roles are all influential to a male character in some way.Some of the roles of the goddesses are to be a messenger, like Minerva. Jove's wife, Juno, functions in much the same way as a mortal wife though, when the situation comes to Juno trying to argue a point with her husband, he ends up putting his foot down, and telling her to go sit down and be quiet. This is when they're discussion whether or not the city of Ilius is going to lose in battle. Even as the goddess with the most power over the other goddesses, she still sits down and does what she has been told.After finding out that Juno and Minerva were on their way down to earth to get into the battle, Jove makes the remark, â€Å"I am less surprised and angry with Juno, for whatever I say she always contradicts me,† (Book 8) Though, Homer does point out that just because Juno has done what Jove told to do, does not mean that she is happy about sitting down and being quiet about not wanting the city destroyed. Juno's character also serves in the role of the mother. In this role, she remains very protective over the men that she cares about, and influences them not to fight against each other.This role is shown from the very beginning of the work when she sends Minerva down to earth to stop Achillies and Agamemnon from fighting and killing each other, â€Å"because she cares for both of them so,† (Book 1). Immortal mothers are very protective of their mortal sons, but there is an example of a mortal mother not being so protective. During the battle, Hector runs to find his wife, who is looking down at the battle from the top of a wall, with her nursemaid carrying the baby.She pleads with him not to go back to the fight, stating that if he dies, she would have nothing left to live for. Bo ok 8) This would read that she would kill herself, because of his death, and therefore would not be there to raise her own child. Another female role in this epic is of sister. Juno is not only Jove's wife, but also his sister. The fact that they are related is brought up a few times in the story, when she is called Daughter of Saturn, and Jove being the Son of Saturn. Juno also plays the role of the trickster, as she gets Venus to help her, and Sleep to help her so that she can get Jove to fall asleep. This is detailed about the middle of Book 14.Juno gets Jove to want to have sex with her, and then he falls asleep while holding her. Juno uses her beauty and influence to get Jove to go to sleep. Another sisterly role is played by Althea, Meleager's mother, as the tale tells of her, â€Å"grieving for the death of her brother, prayed the gods,† (Book 9). Of all the influential roles that women play in the Iliad, the most influential would be that of messenger. Iris is depicte d in the role of messenger when she is sent down by Jove to deliver the message to Minerva and Juno that he forbids them to join in the battle.Another major influential messenger is Minerva herself. She is sent down more then once to deliver messages from Jove, and others immortals from heaven. Throughout the story, the functions of the female roles are varied, and are contemporary to their time, during which a man worshiped a female goddess, only to take a young girl from a far away land in order to have more wealth. Most of all, every role can be seen to show that females' influence over society at the time of Homer was great in some respects, yet even goddesses were subservient to the mighty male Jove.The role of the females concerning war was to influence the soldiers, and to be good wives, taking care of the children. And if the city in which the female lived gets â€Å"sacked†, it then becomes the females role to strictly be property. Though the male character that took her may or may not have feelings for her, she is still at best, loot. Daughters played very influential rules, especially the daughters of Jove, whether trying to get their way, or making Jove mad or happy, the role of his daughters was to influence him, and to have him decide what would come of the great battle.

Ann Fudge Mini Case Essay

1.Where would Ann Fudge be placed in each of the five factor model (FFM) categories? Ann Fudge was a very successful woman who was very enthusiastic about her job. She took pride in being original and was committed to her work. In the five-factor mode, Ann Fudge would be placed in three different categories such as openness to experience, agreeableness, and neuroticism. When talking about openness to experience, it is concerned with curiosity, innovative thinking, assimilating new information, and open to new experiences. It describes a person’s personality. In the mini cases study Ann Fudge decided that after working 24 years in corporate America, she was going to take some time off to figure out her life and have some time to herself. During her time away from corporate America, Fudge traveled to different countries to visit and embark on some new experiences. People with this personality trait enjoy traveling to different countries, seeking new experiences through travel. Ann Fudge’s success was based on her ability to be strategic and being a big picture thinker; this denotes her high level of openness to experience. Ann Fudge had a great ability to get along well with others. From the case, it points out that Ann Fudge was equally comfortable with consumers at the ballpark, factory workers on a production line, and executives in the bored room. Ann fudge was approachable and easy to get a long with; she demonstrated this by being a charismatic leader who simply listened. These personality traits demonstrated agreeableness, which concerns how one gets a long with, as opposed to gets ahead of others. Fudge also demonstrated neuroticism, which deals with how people react to stress, change, failure, or personal criticism. People with these personality traits remain calm in pressure situations, and is able to handle personal criticism well. This was demonstrated when Fudge’s boss expressed how she was very comfortable with herself and she is not pretending to be some she’s not. Having this trait indicates that she can handle any constructive criticism and not take it personal. 2.Consider The Components of creative intelligence from Table Identify the key components that have affected Ann Fudge’s success. 3.Ann Fudge decided to take a sabbatical to focus on her personal life.  Based on her experience, what are the benefits of such a break? What might be the drawbacks? When Ann Fudge took a sabbatical to focus on her life, she was able to accomplish many things. She wanted more out of life than to be defined only by her career. During her break one of the benefits that she was able to experience was traveling. Fudge enjoyed traveling to different countries such as Sardinia and Corsica. She was also able to enjoy different activities such as yoga. Another benefit that she experience while on her leave was becoming an author of a book she wrote called â€Å"The Artist’s Way at Work.† In my opinion, there were no drawbacks. She took the time to redefine herself as a person. When she came back she was more successful than ever. Fudge took the job at Y&R and worked hard to put the company back on top, and her hard work paid off at the end.

Five Forces Model for Industry Analysis Essay

New Entrants The online bookstore industry that Amazon.com has pioneered in was, at first, very hard to penetrate. There were different barriers such as distributing capabilities and the variety of the selection offered that are supposed to be hurdled. Amazon successfully solved the tricky parameters as being the first one to get into the whole idea of online retail. With being the first, they had the luxury to set what were the norms for the industry. Factors that may lower these barrier tactics would be a wider selection and the ability to go to an actual bookstore to exchange or return books or other products. This network of â€Å"actual† retail spaces makes it easier for the consumer to return or exchange the products they were not satisfied with. These handicaps of Amazon were the basis for the emergence of book retail giants Barnes and Noble and Borders in the online shopping industry. Industry Competitors The major competitors of Amazon are Barnes and Noble and Borders. Barnes and Noble is a retail giant offering books and CDs both in their outlets all over the country. It opened their online industry in 1997 and has become the fourth largest e-commerce sites today. Focused largely on the sale of books, music, software, magazines, prints, posters, and related products, the company has capitalized on the recognized brand value of the Barnes & Noble name to become the second largest, and one of the fastest growing, online distributors of books. Their â€Å"advantage† to Amazon is the brand name and the availability of actual retail outlets in which consumers could go in to exchange or return products easily. They also have an established book selection based in their retail operations. Borders is another multi-media retail store found in major cities around the country. Started out as a small bookshop in the college town of Ann Arbor, Michigan, it has since expanded into one of the finest bookstores. In 1992,  Borders was bought by the Kmart group which further flourished the company into a Multi Media Giant with a wide selection of Audio, Video and Books found throughout the United States. The Online Bookstore industry have become a fierce business which involves discounts, varied selections and fast delivery in which all three companies are challenging each other. Buyers The consumers of this industry can be found in every corner of the population. These are mostly people who have had some form of higher education and have access to the Internet and computers. The segment of online shoppers has increased dramatically in recent years due to the convenience of shopping in the comforts of the home and the accessibility of the Internet. These developments have made it easier for consumers to log on and buy on the Internet. Consumers also tend to compare prices among the retail leaders such that buyers are able to buy products with very big discounts compared to ones bought in â€Å"actual† retail outlets. The bargaining power of the consumer is based on the competitive strategies of each active firm in the industry. Thus, consumers can challenge one firm for charging more than the other one such that the firm will beat the price of the competing firm. Suppliers Amazon’s suppliers range from the publishing and media houses to electronics’ manufacturers. Amazon buys all their books, videos and audio CDs from the multi media houses and publishing giants such as Time Warner, Doubleday etc. Amazon also has alliances with other bookstores to cover orders that they cannot serve. Substitutes The substitutes for Amazon and other online bookstores are the â€Å"actual† book  retailers and music stores such as Barnes and Nobles, Virgin Megastore, Tower Records, Sam Goody and other small mom-and-pop outlets. With the rise of online retail, there will be little impact from these substitutes. One impact would be some consumers who would like to hold or listen to their purchases prior to buying and those who are into the whole â€Å"shopping experience†. Barnes and Nobles have jumped into online retail and have succeeded into diversifying into the new e-commerce industry. Industrial Organization Model Degree of Competition Due to the shift of focus for Amazon, it has become the â€Å"Earth’s biggest anything store†. Its competitors have expanded from just online book retailers Barnes and Nobles and Borders to top audio retailers CDNOW.com and online auction house EBAY.com. Amazon has an overall lead of 40% market share against the other online retail firms. Their international business has more than doubled over the past 2 years and this growth increased Amazon’s share in the online business market. Life Cycle Amazon, in it’s first years, had negative income but the rise of e-commerce sites and being the pioneer made the succeeding years led to boom time for them. Their growth period was during 1994 to 1995 when they were the first of its kind in the world. They incurred very high costs in terms of distributions to customers. Still with a negative income, Amazon went public in 1997 and had one of the biggest IPOs of the time. With investors banking on future positive cash flow for this company, Amazon’s market value soared. Many people caught on with the idea of online shopping, thus, Amazon’s success. Amazon’s success as an online retailer prompted bricks-and-mortar rivals Barnes and Noble and Borders to join in. Competition decreased Amazon’s profitability so in the past couple of years, Amazon has expanded to more than books, audio and video to electronics and other retail concepts. Social Relevance Amazon’s products are marketed for every consumer possible. Books, audio, video and electronics are appreciated by majority of the population especially those who have access to the Internet. Amazon is active in pursuing literacy programs for young children by collaborating with the makers of the Dr. Seuss books. They have actively participated in the Dr. Seuss shops, story telling sessions and Dr. Seuss days. Degree of Globalization Amazon’s strength internationally lies within its networks in major ports and cities around the Globe. Amazon first started out in Seattle but as soon as they have established a niche market, they have opened shop all over the nation and in cities such as London, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Tokyo, Singapore and many more. These branches overseas improves their delivery service to a wide consumer base. Extent of Government Control There has not been many government regulations regarding online retailing. A group of CEOs whose firms that are engaged in such practices have formed an organization called Global Business Dialogue. This GBD group supports the development of a seamless global system that delivers the broadest array of goods and services to the largest number of consumers at the most competitive prices. This work effort will: offer recommendations to the WTO, including making the moratorium on online tariffs permanent; and collaborate with governments to target and eliminate discriminations against, or other non-tariff barriers to global trade in, electronic commerce. This working group will also provide an avenue for the GBDs to consider and promote the growth of the electronic marketplace in an environment unencumbered by detrimental taxation. Degree of Vertical Integration Amazon’s primary value chain includes purchasing/sourcing, marketing, distribution and after-sales services, which includes returns and exchanges from unsatisfied customers. Their main focus is in the purchasing/sourcing and in the distribution of the products to the consumers. Their investments are therefore, geared towards warehouses in key points of high consumer demand areas and an efficient delivery and distributing system to service all its consumers. Thus, Amazon controls most of its distributing system that spans across borders. Inter Organization of Network Economics Amazon in its efforts to sustain its market leadership in the online retailing industry has tied up with various online organizations. Netscape Navigator and Amazon will offer members of Netscape Netcenter a co-branded storefront where Earth’s Biggest Bookstore will be easily accessed through Netscape Netcenter (home.netscape.com). In addition, Amazon.com has multi-year exclusive and premier bookseller relationships with 5 of the top 6 sites on the World Wide Web: AOL.com, Yahoo!, Netscape, GeoCities, and Excite. These partnerships widen Amazon’s presence in the World Wide Web. Sensitivity to Business Cycles The Online retailing business has a very quick cyclical growth. Amazon being one of the firsts to venture in this type of commerce are all ready in what seems to be in their decline stage where market share is declining. Therefore, Amazon is expanding to different industries within online retailing. Amazon and other online retailing firms are very sensitive to business cycles due to the speed of technology involved in the services they offer. Dynamics of New Knowledge Generation Online retailing relies on the work of an excellent distribution system. Amazon has invested their money into expanding their network of distribution centers around the globe. They also have investments in creating better  technology for tracking orders and giving efficient delivery systems for their customers. Amazon.com has remained on top of the online retailing business despite the entrance of giants such as Barnes and Nobles and Borders. Their success is attributed to two factors; timing and continuing to invest heavily into the inventory and distribution systems. Amazon, by being the first of its kind, has a big lead over the nearest competitors due to their experience and its reputation as the first movers. Their thrust remains on improving efficient delivery systems across borders and to build name recognition as the number one retailing firm in the Internet. They have also ventured into different retail options to keep that lead. Marketing, Innovative inventory and distribution systems, and name recall have helped Amazon build a sustainable competitive advantage. In order for any online retail company to remain prosperous and income generating, they must invest a lot of time and money into research and development of more efficient operations and distributions systems. This proved to be key for the Market Leader in online retailing, Amazon.Com.

Car history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Car history - Essay Example Steam cars had been built in America since before the Civil War. In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car. That was enough to encourage the State of Wisconsin to offer a $10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 mile race in 1878. In 1873, Karl Benz developed a successful gas-powered two-stroke piston engine. After this he focused on developing a motorized vehicle. His Patent Motorwagen, introduced in 1886, is widely regarded as the first purpose-built automobile that is a vehicle designed from the ground up to be motorized. Benz unveiled it officially on July 3, 1886 on the Ringstrase in Mannheim, Germany. Henry Ford had an engine running by 1893 but it was 1896 before he built his first car. By the end of the year Ford had sold his first car, which he called a Quadracycle, for $200 and used the money to build another one. With the financial backing of the Mayor of Detroit, William C. Maybury and other wealthy Detroiters, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. A few prototypes were built but no production cars were ever made by this company. It was dissolved in January 1901. Ford would not offer a car for sale until 1903. Today it has been 100 years of the advent of electric cars. It has an interesting history of development and its still carry on. It was first developed in France and England during the last quarter of 19th century. During late 1890s and early years of 20th century, a lot of innovations were made in motor vehicles industry. Till 1895, Americans didn't begin to devote attention to electric vehicles. It was the first commercial application in America which established as a fleet of New York City taxis in 1897. The early electric vehicles were little more than electrified horseless carriages and surreys. For example, in 1902 Wood's Phaeton which had top speed of 14 mph, a range of 18 miles and cost $2,000. The years 1899 and 1900 were the sky-scraping point of electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all other types of cars. With the passage of time, the car industry got prosperity and the motor vehicle used to be turned into steam, electric, or gasoline versions. Most early electric cars were ornate with massive carriages and designed for the upper class with cost under $1,000. However, by 1910, they had fancy interiors, with expensive materials, and averaged $3,000. Electric vehicles enjoyed success into the 1920s with production peaking in 1912. At the start of its advent in 20th century, electric cars got popularity as it had many advantages over their competitors. They did not have the noise, smell and vibrations associated with gasoline cars. Unlike gasoline cars, electric vehicles did not require gear changes. Also, steam-powered cars suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings. The steam cars had less range before needing water than the range of an electric car on a single charge As compared to steam-powered and gasoline cars, the electric cars was the preferred choice of many because it did not require the manual effort to start. With other cars there was a

SWOT Analysis for Possible Ventures. Airbus Joint Venture with Boeing Essay

SWOT Analysis for Possible Ventures. Airbus Joint Venture with Boeing - Essay Example It is evident from the study that in the joint venture, Airbus has strengths that would make it stand out from any possible competition and posed threats. Firstly Airbus has advanced technology in aircraft manufacturing as compared to Boeing, its technologies such as fly-by-wire, joy stick control and laser guided riveter would make Airbus to have a bigger share of the joint venture. Secondly, the manufacturing of Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT) would take place in Europe where the company has well-established markets. Although the company stands to benefit from the opportunities presented by the joint venture there are some threats that the company needs to consider. Competition with Boeing will make Airbus to cut its prices and this will affect its profit margins. From the venture, the company will be forced to expose its technology and manufacturing techniques to Boeing. In the joint venture, Boeing will have better opportunities than its rival company Airbus will. However, the two companies expect almost similar opportunities. Successful production and marketing of the VLCT will create deals that would increase the company’s capacity to market its other models. Due to the current condition of saturated airports and need for expansion there will be a ready demand for the proposed VLCT. Currently Boeing controls about 60% of the aircraft market and it hope to increase its niche from the venture. The initial cost of producing a VLCT stands at $5-$20 billion, which the company hopes to raise over the next 4-10 years. From the projected demand of 500 units for $150 - $250 million, Airbus expects to create a deal worth 1.25 trillion dollars, which is a remarkable return on investment. Boeing has many strengths that will enable it to benefit from the possible opportunities, unlike it rivals Boeing has a high control over its suppliers with some being sole-suppliers. This makes Boeing to stand out as a well-established aircraft manufacturer. Boeing ha s enjoyed a long-standing agreement in the production of military aircrafts and this has enabled the company to generate a lot of profit. Although Boeing is a strong company, the company has some weakness. Firstly, Boeing may lose its market share if it is unable to produce the VLCT economically. The company has a low production capacity and therefore it may not handle the extended demand adequately. These weaknesses create competition threat that the company faces from its rival company Airbus. Airbus owns or has the rights to most of the critical technologies required in the production of VLCT and therefore Boeing is threatened by possible exploitation. Part 3; Analysis of Airbus Standalone initiative Although the VLCT is a proposed joint venture,

Defending the Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defending the Budget - Essay Example As at September 2011, the department had 88 firefighters, 42 officers, 6 engines and 2 ladders (Fire-Rescue 2012). Recently, there has been a study stating that the department is inactive and slow at responding to emergency calls. This claim has driven the city manager to propose a reduction of the department’s budget due to the cited inactivity in this fire department. As the fire chief in this institution, I would like to express that this assumption is not true. This is because my department has carried out all its responsibilities and emergency responses with required efficiency. The department has not only attended to many calls in the time of my service to the station but also successfully managed to put out major fires and rescue many people, property and pets from burning houses and buildings. However, contrary to the viewpoint of the city manager, the Medford fire department does not involve itself with fire emergencies only. There are several other activities that we are actively involved in every other day. They include, examining buildings for hazards, evaluating new constructions, setting up car seats for children, offering fire prevention services, heavy rescue, and providing fire station tours. For instance, in the month of March this year, there were regular inspections carried out by officials of the department on fire and life safety division (FLSD) where 92 hazards were noted and immediate action was taken to rectify the situation (Fire-Rescue, 2012). The current amount in the budget is sufficient to cater for the emergency responses and other off-emergency activities the department is responsible for. Currently, my department receives and attends an average of two incidents every week. We have always ensured that the emergencies are attended to in the shortest time possible as saving lives is our first priority. These responses also include fire scares where our department always solves the crisis restoring confidence in people. The f irefighters are very co operative and will attend to their duties at any time of day or night. Their motivation and enthusiasm in their work has helped save lives. This kind of vigilance has been met with proper remuneration extended to all employees and supervisors of the department. In certain occasions, budgeted monetary rewards are also extended to firefighters who have performed best in their obligations. Therefore, in order to uphold the same levels of salaries and rewards, it is important to maintain the budget. Otherwise, a cut may demotivate the employees leading to underperformance. This would put many individuals and buildings in the danger of being consumed by fire. To successfully fight fire, collaboration between the general public and the fire fighters is essential. This collaboration can only be enabled by an effective communication process. The communication devices used by Medford fire fighters are up to date and are effective in accomplishing the objective of pass ing on information to its users. This has helped avoid many deaths that might have occurred during fire incidents. The firefighting team is always ready to take the emergency calls and attend to the fire rescues at any time of day. The maintenance of this efficient communication lines requires funds. Therefore,

Selling of body organs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selling of body organs - Essay Example   1. There are thousands of people dying around the world for not getting a suitable donor. There are many ailments and accidents which require body organs like kidney, liver part, eye ball or intestine. So if a person is willing to sell their body organ for the benefit of other, then many people can be saved from death 1. Many people hesitate to sell their body organ for the fear of it being unsafe. The body organs are removed by means of surgery and people may lose their life or can impair their health during the medical procedure. People do not have to be afraid of donating their body organs as the removal of organ and its tissue makes it a safe medical process 2. Today most of the organ removal surgery is a safe procedure. Technology has advanced well enough to make this medical process safe. The people have a notion that if they lose one of kidney or part of liver or intestine can make them ill. However one kidney is enough for a human to survive and liver does grow so there is no issue with it being removed. 1. The selling of body parts is an illegal business around the world. There is large opportunity for body organs however the illegal trafficking of the body organs and the crimes involved in it makes it an illegal affair. However, the absence of a legitimate marker is the reason why the sale of body organ is facing problem. 2. Government need to understand the potential of sale of body organ and make it a legitimate process which would also decrease the criminality involved with it. There is nothing illegal about sale of body organ if it is not damaging the health of the donor and would give them a financial boost and save lives of people. 1. Sale of body organ is a beneficial medical process and can save lives of many people around the world. The body organs like kidney, liver portion, eyeball or intestine part can be a saleable organ which can save people in need of them. However, the people are scared of surgery and risk

Experimental design on how to investigate the innate behaviour of Essay

Experimental design on how to investigate the innate behaviour of woodlice Introduction - Essay Example On the other hand, taxis behaviour is a behaviour in which an animal orients itself in an absolute direction in response to environment stimulus.2 Woodlice belong to the crustacean class. Most of these animals are terrestrial species and aquatic. It is believed that they exhibit an innate behaviour in that they tend to stay in wet and dark environment because they lack the characteristic waxy skeleton on their ex-skeleton like does most of the arthropods, thus tend to lose water easily when in dry conditions ()3. Woodlice are also good examples of organisms that orient themselves to humidity through kinesis. Woodlice also exhibit negative phototaxis. They have ocelli (light receptors). As a result, they do make directed movement away from illumination into the dark areas. They increase their locomotory activity in dry areas. However, this activity is decreased in humid conditions and for this reason they tend to accumulate in areas of high humidity.4 As indicated earlier, woodlice prefer wet and dark environment. Consequently, they increase their locomotory activities in dry areas and reduce their movement in humid areas. For this reason it would be expected that the number of woodlice will be greater int the more humid and dark areas. Then, the tray will be covered to exclude natural light and retain the humid moisture. The tray will be placed in a sheltered location free from direct sunlight. The lighting will be achieved through the use of a stand lamp placed at the same position and distance from the trays throughout the experiment. The distance will be reasonable to prevent transferring heat to the trays. Repeat the above procedures, but this time covering the tray with a perforated aluminium foil in order to create a dark environment, remove the stand lamp and then record the results after 30 minutes Table

ISMG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ISMG - Essay Example Atkins, and many others in the MDCM IT department were already aware of this. MDCM, Inc. Strategic IT Portfolio Management, Page 2. During the meeting there were many options made available to the IT department. The IT department would implement new strategies in an effort to cut costs, and save the company money. McMullen has found blame for the companies loss of revenue in the previous five quarters on the IT department. McMullen hired Atkins to begin an assessment of the IT department, and to help the company begin posting profits again as soon as possible. Atkins began his position with an internal audit of the IT department. Some of the options discussed in the meeting were to create a company email. Every personnel who needed to communicate would be given their own email address. With a just one email address for everyone in the company this will filter out possible important information being filtered to the junk folder by the recipients email provider. The company was going t o an overhaul the computer system within the organization. The company was going to update all computers throughout. Every computer would then operate with the same operating system. With the computers operate with the same operating system the computer would be compatible with each other. Currently there are computers with four types of operating systems. The computers are not compatible with each other. ... The company will also create a website. The website will allow customers to order products directly from the site with no need to contact a representative in the organization. The website will allow a customer to leave an email message, and to contact the company if necessary. The company will implement new strategies for the different offices too effectively, and efficiently communicate with one another. The company will cut some of the labor force. The United States division of the company currently has the largest work force. The company will begin to eliminate some of the jobs. Every position the company eliminates will help the company save money. The company wanted to assess the situation, and develop the most effective solution to the company’s current situation. The company will use the savings of cutting some of the positions and appropriate the funds to the Information Technology department. Atkins requested an increase in the budget for the IT department. The compan y found they could not increase the current budget of the IT department without cutting costs elsewhere. The company, Atkins, and the leaders of the IT department have developed the strategy to cut some of the positions and re appropriate the funds to the IT department budget. With the extra funds available to the IT department the company will be permitted to implement the strategies, and recommendations made by Atkins, and other leaders of the IT department. When the company implements one network, this will be beneficial to the company. There can possibly be a strong financial gain to incorporating one network. In having only one network, the associates in France will communicate more efficiently, and effectively. The network will be one, so there will be no compatibility

Is Microsoft a Monopoly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Is Microsoft a Monopoly - Research Paper Example Before drawing any conclusions about Microsoft being a monopoly, we must first understand what a monopoly really is. A pure monopoly exists when there is a single supplier (Grant). In another definition monopoly is defined as the only supplier of a good for which there are no close substitutes (Perloff). From the above two definitions of monopoly it is safe to assume two characteristics that a firm must possess to be called a monopoly: 1. Sole supplier: variations may exist regarding the context of the sole supplier. In case of a pure monopoly there will be only one firm in the industry, meaning that the firm is the industry. It can also mean that there is one major firm with nearly the whole market power and other small firms have negligible share of the market that they can be ignored. Based on the two definitions I believe that Microsoft is not a monopoly. Firstly we must establish the industry, before labeling Microsoft a monopoly. If we consider the software industry then Microsoft is definitely not a monopoly. The software industry is huge with a diverse range of software ranging from OS software in which Microsoft holds a considerable market share to medical software where Microsoft has no market share. The fact is that before classifying a firm’s position in the industry first the industry needs to be defined. If we consider the first attribute then Microsoft is not the single supplier even in the OS industry, where it holds considerable market share. It faces competition from Android OS for tablet computers, Linux, Oracle, Xerox, DEC, Psion, Apple’s OS which is found in most Apple machines, and iOS, Apple’s OS for iPad and iPhones. There are some other OS that are developed on little known platforms, some of the most notable of these OS are: Haiku for IA-32 platform, RISC OS for ARM platform, MorphOS for Pegasos, EFIKA and Amiga platforms. Although these OS are in the market, Microsoft is the industry

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Analysis - Essay Example On the other hand, the Semite is described as a type of leach upon all that is good which the Aryan establishes. If an Aryan explores new lands, develops industry and establishes an organized peace, the Semite will soon follow seeking to get gain through some nefarious scheme or plan. A theme that is visited several times in the article is the subtle nature of the Semite. The author describes them as incapable of establishing anything in an honest manner, so they live by subtle infiltration of established societies and governments. The author describes an invasion of the Semites as not one of military might, but of one cloaked in the secrecy of financial transactions and governmental intrigue. The Semite is described as one who employs â€Å"wily tricks† to accomplish his ultimate goal, namely the overthrow of the noble Aryan so that the Semite can rule over the lovers of virtue. The final point of this reading is to show that the Semite is especially adept at mercantile trade and finance, so these areas are to be regarded with caution and mistrust by the Aryan. Drumont reiterates that the Semite is incapable of invention, so his source of power will come by controlling the worlds of trade and finance. These crafty people must not be trusted because their goal is to overthrow the race that rightly deserves to rule, namely, the Aryans.

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay Example for Free

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay Mein Kampf is a book of two volumes authored by Adolf Hitler. The first volume was written whilst dictated to Rudolph Hess and Emile Maurice in Landsberg prison where Hitler was sentenced to following the failure of an attempted coup d’etat of the Bavarian government in 1924. Mein Kampf is significant amongst historiography as it is thought to be an insight into the mind of Adolf Hitler. This book is not only autobiographical but full of memoires and political ideologies, which have subsequently sparked debate as to whether this piece of primary historical evidence can be regarded as the blue-print for Hitler’s future ambitions. An intentionalist view by Historians’ such as Lucy Dawidowicz, argues that the Holocaust was the result of Hitler’s long term plan, whereas the functionalist perspective by Historians’ such as Christopher Browning is of the result of a competing agents within the Reich to answer the Jewish question. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf: Nation and Race, shows to comprehend with the intentionalist interpretation that this did indeed set the foundation for Holocaust as a propaganda medium. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf is a race rhetoric that advocates social-Darwinism in favour of the German Aryan race and even justifies war with the ‘racially lower’. This chapter refers to natural selection within humanity as the will of nature and of God. The word ‘Nature’ is emphasised being mentioned 20 times within the passage purveying it as a natural process. The mixing of genes with ‘lesser’ races are referred to as a sin against God, in which context Jews are included. Language used in this passage has been described as using metaphors to enforce racial prejudice, although evident is how the use of language has not only been used for easily digestible comparisons, but also as graphic and horrifying, such as ‘blood poisoning’ when describing breeding with a ‘weaker race’. Also described are the consequences of the integration of races and given examples of how this would be catastrophic for humanity. In regards to the book as a whole, anti-Semitism is consistent throughout Mein Kampf and is evident of Hitler’s hatred of the Jewish people, with quotes of ‘real’ Germans surviving in the war if a great number of Jews had been killed with poison gas. Mein Kampf was written at a time when Hitler was banned from public speaking. This indicates that the production of Mein Kamp as composed as a method in which Hitler could communicate with the public legitimately. Volume 2 of Mein Kamp is also said to be written in plain spoken language. This indicates it was written for all people to be able read, proving it as a propaganda tool. After Hitler’s Chancellorship in January 1933 Mein Kampf was eventually introduced into schools, placed on trains and presented to every bridal couple. The mass circulation of this book again proves only t o show it as a propaganda medium. Anti-Semitism was not unique to Mein Kampf and was a keen topic of Hitler’s in many political statements given in meetings. Hitler exclaims in September 1919 that the Jewish people are a race and not a religious community, and how this race are corrupt and disliked by a large section of ‘our people’ through emotion. A year later he states that a German citizen can only be one of German blood. As head of the Nazi party Hitler placed Joseph Goebbels as the head of Nazi propaganda, who wrote in the anti-Semitic newspaper ‘Der Angriff’ from 1926. In here is written how Jews’ are destroying the German community and how they must be removed from the community or they will ever corrupt it. Hitler’s ‘last will and testament’ written hours before his suicide tells of a hatred for Jews and also blaming the Jews for the war. These sources prove that Mein Kampf was not just a unique rant of anti-Semitism, Hitler believed in this hatred of the Jews’ evident here as early as 1919, days after his first attendance at a DAP meeting. This reinforces Mein Kampf as weapon of anti-Semitic propaganda at a time when Hitler could not address the public in person. Another element that points to this being a blue-print for the Holocaust was that Hitler wrote (or dictated) Mein Kampf with the intention of becoming a fascist style leader, but not only a leader, the chosen one and almost messiah-like. The failed Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich was directly influenced by the success of Benito Mussolini’s March on Rome which had immediately led to his appointment of Prime Minister of Italy; proving Hitler’s ambitions before he authored Mein Kampf. This shows Hitler always had the ambition of become a fascist style leader in Germany who would have had the power, with support from the nation, via propaganda, to eliminate the Jews from Germany. Although the ‘chosen one’ notion comes into play when in Mein Kampf it states that â€Å"Fate will someday gift the nation with a man endowed with the purpose of leading the nation out of a great depression and elimination of a bitter distress†. The elimination of a itter distress can only be regarded to ‘the Jewish problem’ as anti-Semitism is a recurring theme in the book, but Fate sending this man who is made for the job sounds messiah-like, which with Hitler’s proven ambition to become this leader would mean that if this propaganda was effective, he would become the ‘chosen leader’ and his book of propaganda regarding anti-Semitism and social-Darwinism would almost become a gospel. Joseph Goebbels exclaimed in 1941 that one of his notable achievements in propaganda was giving the nation complete confidence in Hitler by giving him a metaphoric halo of infallibility. An edition of Der Angriff from 1935 entitled Der Fuhrer’ by Joseph Goebbels states of how the Fuhrer is divine as â€Å"all of his actions stand under the power of a higher power† and Fate has provided the German people with Adolf Hitler. Again here it is evident of Adolf Hitler being propagandised as divine, and a divine leader would command the subordination of his subjects who would in return strive to please him. Mein Kamp is an intentional method of propaganda to be used at a time when Adolph Hitler was unable to communicate verbally with a gathering of people. Mein Kampf advocated Anti-Semitism, and Chapter 11: Nation and Race with a dramatic use of language strongly advocates social-Darwinism and justifies a war with the ‘lower races’ of peoples. Hitler always had, before and after Mein Kamp, an ambition to become a fascist style leader in which he had total control, which was propagandised during the construction of Mein Kampf as being appointed by higher powers and made out as messiah-like. This reinforces the intentionalist view of the Holocaust to be a result of Hitler’s long term plan. Historian’s in future research may want to consider the ‘divine leader’ messages propagandised by Hitler, in regards to the intentionalist/functionalist argument. This analysis of Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf has evaluated the context of the chapter within the book, the message within as well as examined the language used. The significance of the document as well as the purpose of it has been considered, as well as having reinforced a current historiographical debate.

Essential Anatomy and Physiology Components

Essential Anatomy and Physiology Components Mahbubul Alam Task 1 Most of the nutrients in the feed are large molecules that can not be directly absorbed in the gut due to their size or hydrophobicity. The digestive system is responsible for the reduction in the size of these molecules directly absorbable smaller units and the conversion of hydrophilic molecules with hydrophobic complexes. Proper operation of absorption and transport mechanisms is essential for the delivery of products of digestion in human body cells . An abnormality of one of these systems can cause malnutrition even in the presence of adequate nutrition . Functions of Digestive System The task of the digestive system is the physical and chemical breakdown of food. In addition, energy needed by the body , as well as raw materials for growth and repair of body structures come from the food and drink that ingerimos. In the digestion process are the following functions: Test food through the senses of smell and taste, food crushing , dissolution in water, food transport crushed decomposition of food into simple substances with the aid of digestive enzymes, absorption simple substances, and elimination of indigestible residues. Regulation of digestive functions Digestive functions traction and secretion are controlled by two main types of regulation: the nervous regulation and hormonal regulation . Neural Mechanisms Nervous regulation of motor and secretory phenomena uses two types of neural networks : a local system , the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS ). Nerve receptors are sensitive to various stimuli : the chemical composition of the chime (acidity) , stretching (feeling of fullness ) , etc. . They send impulses to the muscle and secretory cells of the digestive tract via the enteric nervous system consists of the myenteric plexus and submucosal . Neurotransmission is nervous or chemical type ( enkephalins , somatostatin , serotonin, bombesin , neurotensin , etc. . ) .The ANS consists of two contingents of fibers : sympathetic fibers that run along blood vessels, and the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve. These two contingents have antagonistic actions: roughly, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory while the parasympathetic fibers are excitatory . Structure Core Structures : Mouth, pharynx , esophagus , stomach thin intestine , Ano Associated structures : salivary glands ( three pairs ) , Pancreas , Liver, Gall Bladder ( with their associated ducts) , and Appendix. Process The substances that the body needs are absorbed from food , it passes through the digestive system. When chewing food, it is moistened by saliva. As food is sufficiently fragmented and wet mouth are pushed by the tongue into the pharynx and swallowed. The muscles in the walls of the esophagus contract and relax to cause movement in waves, known as peristalsis, which lowers food into the stomach. In this , mixed with acidic juices produced by the wall of the organ. These juices facilitate the fragmentation of food in even smaller particles , the muscles of the stomach wall also contract , and facilitating the greater fragmentation. Thereafter , they pass into the small intestine where certain products contained in the digestive juices , known enzymes continue the degradation of food in nutritional components which are absorbed by the blood through the walls of the small intestine. Leftover food particles , which are not digested in the small intestine pass into the large intestine where water is absorbed. The remaining food is a partially solid waste is gradually propelled along the large intestine and takes the form of feces reach the rectum. The depositions are stored in the terminal portion of the digestive tract and are then expelled through the anus. Anatomy The esophagus is a tube or membranous muscle that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Incisors to cardia ( portion continues where the esophagus and stomach) there are about 40 cm. Esophagus begins at the neck, chest and traverses into the abdomen through the esophageal orifice diaphragm . Usually it is a virtual cavity ( ie that its walls are joined and only open when the bolus passes ) . Measure reaches the esophagus 25 cm and has a structure consisting of two layers of muscles which allow contraction and relaxation of the esophagus downward . These waves are called peristalsis and is causing the progress of food into the stomach. Its just a passage of the bolus , and is the union of different holes , oral , nasal , ear and larynx. Stomach: The stomach is an organ so that varies depending on the state of repletion (amount of nutritional content present in the gastric cavity) that is usually shaped J. It consists of several parts that are: fundus, body, antrum and pylorus. Its less extensive edge is called the lesser curvature and a larger curvature. The cardia is the boundary between the esophagus and stomach and pylorus is the boundary between the stomach and duodenum. In an individual measures approximately 25cm cardia to the pylorus and the transverse diameter is 12cm. To see what is inside the stomach click here. Small intestine: The small intestine begins at the pylorus and ends at the ileoceal valve, which is attached to the first part of the large intestine. Its length is variable and its size gradually decreases from its origin to the ileocecal valve. The duodenum, which is part of the small intestine, is about 25 to 30 cm in length, the small intestine consists of a proximal portion and a distal jejunum or the ileum, the boundary between the two portions is not very apparent. The duodenum joins the jejunum after 30cm from the pylorus. The jejunum-ileum is part of the small intestine that is characterized by relatively fixed ends: The first originates in the duodenum and the second is limited to the ileocecal valve and first portion of the blind. Its size decreases slowly but progressively towards the large intestine. The boundary between the jejunum and ileum is not noticeable. The small intestine villi has numerous surface increasing intestinal absorption of nutrients. Intestine: The large intestine . starts from the ileocecal valve in a blind pouch called from where the vermiform appendix and ends at the rectum . From the cecum to the rectum describes a series of curves , forming a frame in the center of the handles are yeyunoà ­leon . Its length is variable between 120 and 160 cm , and its size gradually reduces , being narrower in the region where it joins portion rectum or rectosigmoid junction, where the diameter is usually not exceed 3 cm , while the blind is 6 or 7 cm. After the blind , the second portion of the large intestine is called as ascending colon, with a length of 15cm , to give rise to the third portion which is the transverse colon with an average length of 50 cm , resulting in a fourth portion which is the descending colon 10cm in length. Finally differs sigmoid , colon rectum and anus . The rectum is the last part of the digestive tract. It is the continuation of the sigmoid colon and ends up opening up to the outside through the anal opening . Pancreas: Gland is intimately related to the duodenum, the excretory duct of the pancreas, which ends meet with the bile through the ampulla of Vater, their secretions areimportant in the digestion of food . Liver: The liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighs 1500 grams. It consists of two lobes. The bile ducts are the excretory ducts of the liver , bile for them is driven into the duodenum . normally get two channels: left and right , that converge together to form a single duct . the hepatic duct receives a finer duct, cystic duct coming from the gallbladder housed in the visceral side of liver. Meeting of the cystic duct and the hepatic bile duct , descending duodenum , into which together with the excretory duct of the pancreas is formed. The gallbladder is a reservoir musculomembranous shunted on the main bile duct. It contains about 50-60 cm3 of bile. Is oval or slightly pear-shaped , and its major diameter is about 8 to 10 cm . Spleen: The spleen , for its main functions should be considered an organ of the circulatory system. Its size depends on the amount of blood contained therein. Digestive Physiology The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the digestion of the ingested food , so that they can be used by the body . The process of digestion begins in the mouth where food is covered by saliva , crushed and divided by the action of chewing and once formed the bolus swallowed . The stomach is not an essential organ for life, for though his removal in man and animals cause certain digestive disorders, not fundamentally affect health. In humans , the essential function of the stomach to reduce food to a semi-fluid mass of uniform consistency called chyme , which then passes into the duodenum . The stomach also acts as a temporary reservoir for the acid foods and their secretions , has some antibacterial action. The chyme passes the pylorus and enters the duodenum intervals where it is transformed by the secretions of the pancreas , small intestine and liver was continued digestion and absorption. Chyme is progressing through the small intestine until it reaches the large intestine. The ileocecal valve too fast hinders the emptying of the small intestine and prevents reflux of the contents of the large intestine to the small intestine. The main function of the large intestine is the formation , transport and disposal of feces. A very important function is to absorb water. In the cecum and ascending colon faeces are almost liquid and that is where the greatest amount of water and some dissolved substances are absorbed, but also in more distal regions ( rectum and sigmoid colon) liquids are absorbed. Digestion and absorption Digestion of food is effected by hydrolysis using digestive enzymes and cofactors such as hydrochloric acid or bile . Cofactors are also involved in the mechanisms of absorption. Enzymes are of 2 types: exoenzymes and endoenzymes. Digestive enzymes are exoenzymes mainly synthesized by specialized cells of the mouth, stomach , pancreas or small intestine and that are released in the digestive light to catalyze the hydrolysis of the food to the outside of the cell .The enzymes are endoenzymes localized on the membrane lipoproteins digestive mucosal cells . The connection to their substrate therefore when those latter penetrate into the cell. Ingested food are absorbed about 95%. The water , inorganic salts , monosaccharides , vitamins and alcohol are absorbed without change. As against , disaccharides , polysaccharides , lipids and proteins are to be transformed by hydrolysis into simpler components before being absorbed. Factors influencing the digestion Psychological factors: The appearance, smell and taste of food served modifies the emotional climate during the meal which influences the digestion of ingested food. Indeed , salivary secretions , gastric , etc. . and alter motility of the digestive tract . Emotions such as fear , anxiety or anxiety act via the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system affect digestion by reducing secretions , inhibition of peristalsis and increased sphincter tone . Bacterial action . The intestinal flora is a complex community with over 100 different species. At birth, the gastrointestinal tract is sterile, but many species rapidly colonize the digestive tract. Lactobacillus is the main bacteria flora until the child gets a varied diet . Then Escherichia coli dominant in the terminal ileum , and the anaerobic flora in the colon appears . However, the number of lactobacilli persist in subjects taking a normal diet. In the stomach , hydrochloric acid (HCl ) has a bactericidal action , which destroys most bacteria in the gastric acid chyme . In hyposà ©crà ©tion gastric cases, bacterial overgrowth can be responsible for gastritis resulting in inflammation of the mucosa. In the colon , bacterial action is more intense. It leads to the formation of gas (H2 , CO2 , CH4 , O2, NH3 , etc . ) , Acids ( lactic , acetic , etc . ) , And many other substances ( indoles , phenols , etc. . ) . The smell of feces is related to many of these components. The meal ingestion alters the fecal flora in very different ways depending on the individual . The ingestion of carbohydrate fermentation tends to increase while the increase of protein putrefaction . Effects of food preparation and meal composition . Cooking makes them more easily digestible : cooking meat relaxes connective tissue, facilitates chewing making it more accessible to digestive juices tissues. A heat load and composition equal meals low volume and more can be better digested than lavish meals . The chemical reactions during cooking alter food digestion . Acrolein produced by frying foods at elevated temperature, delays gastric emptying . Instead, meat extract ( bouillon ) stimulate digestion . Finally, there is a wide variation within and between individual sensitivity to food, their physical properties (temperature , acidity, etc. . ) That is frequently associated with the state of repletion of the digestive tract . Task 2 The Endocrine System and Its Working The endocrine system is a term for all the organs and tissues that produce hormones. They are distributed throughout the body and can show effects over long distances on: Growth Development Functions of many organs Coordination of metabolic processes The endocrine glands are organs, but who have no ducts, because they distribute their products directly into the blood or an autocrine or paracrine effect, however. Therefore, there is at this tissue with a dense network of blood capillaries with windowed endothelium. Exocrine gland secretions free to oppose it with their inner or outer surfaces: on the skin, on the wall of the stomach or in the pancreatic ducts. The hormone-producing tissue can be divided into three groups: Purely endocrine glands, used exclusively for the production of hormones; Exo-endocrine glands, in addition to the hormones produced other exocrine secretions; Certain non-glandular tissue such as the autonomic nerves, which also secrete hormone-like substances =neuro secretion Location and Function of 3 Endocrine Glands Thyroid Developmentally, the thyroid gland goes out of the intestinal epithelium of the pharynx bottom out on the tongue base. This gland stands at the beginning of the development through the ducts thyroglossus still with the floor of the mouth in combination and is located in front of the trachea after a descent. Anatomically, the thyroid gland is composed of two lobes, which are on an isthmus that is sometimes formed as a real pyramidal lobe, in conjunction. Without thyroid hormones cannot live. The thyroid hormonetriiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) are iodized. They work in almost all body cells and stimulate there on the energy metabolism. The thyroid itself is in terms of a control system by the hypothalamic hormone TRH (TSH-releasing hormone), and originating from the pituitary TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in their function regulated (Hiller-Sturmhofel, 1998). Endocrine Pancreas The pancreas is an exo-endocrine organ by both digestive juices into the duodenum and releases hormones into the bloodstream. The endocrine portion, the islets of Langerhans are localized mainly in the pancreatic and stand out due to their brighter appearance. They secrete their secretions directly into the bloodstream. A distinction is to effect different types of cells: B cells: 60-80%, are used to produce insulin A cells: approximately 20%, and are therefore intended to antagonist to insulin D cells: about 2% serve to have an inhibitory effect on the A-and B-cells as well as on the exocrine pancreas. PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide): ~1-2% and inhibit pancreatic exocrine These islands consist of a net-like organization of several thousand epithelial cells arranged in groups and are crossed by numerous capillaries with windowed endothelium (Carter, n.d.) Pituitary The pituitary gland is located at the underside of the brain and is composed of three parts. In contrast, the anterior pituitary produces own hormones. The activity of its cells is determined by complex humeral and neural mechanisms regulated (= control hormones). It is above all the hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones that play an important role (Drake, 2010)

Childhood Education

Childhood Education (a) Addition of two key concepts to the writers vocabulary The showing of schooling as ‘monocultural and ‘taken-for-granted practices in schools and centres do not easily support or match those of the children and their families. In universalist truth and monocultural perspective, the culture of one group/class is clearly privileged above the other where human agency may be frail, especially among those with little power, but it happens daily therefore it deserves our attention. In such circumstances what is often silenced is the known socio-historical and cultural world of concerned families, the familiar signs and symbols, and established social and cultural practices and beliefs. Until we appreciate the physical existence, experiences, and knowledges of the traditionally marginalized, our concern for child will never be realized. (Nicola Yelland, Critical issues in early childhood education, p 26-32) The Mosaic Approach, involving a process both the gathering of materials and dialogue, reflection an interpretation of these documents facets of the preschool. It recognizes that children are experts in their own lives and uses range of different ways of documenting childrens views and everyday experiences. It is multi-method recognizing the multiple languages of childhood and adopt the participatory approach by involving children. The UN Child Rights convention also recognized the children participation and importance of their views in matters relating to them. (Gunilla Dahlberg Peter Moss, Ethics and politics in early childhood education: p 158-161) b) Concept needs more study Yelland, in â€Å"critical issues in early childhood education† states that childrens experiences and expectations are determined by their local communities, particular political and economic strata, and specific ethnic and cultural groups. The mono-cultural approach is ethnocentric and that it ignores the range of life contexts and knowledges experienced by children from diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic and value contexts. Therefore I want to investigate that the current mono-cultural practices prevailing in the preschools and child care centres, is how much detrimental to the children mental and physical development and effects of parents resistance in following such practices. c) Linkage of ideas (a) (b) to child in surrounding As the world becomes a global village, few countries can lay claim to a truly homogeneous population. Today, multicultural diversity characterizes most countries, a factor that has enormous implications in early childhood education. Childrens experiences and expectations are determined by their local communities and particular ethnic or cultural grouping. Muslim origin Australians living in neighbouring environment have specific cultural sensitivity predominantly female and can not be merged into mono-cultural setup. Therefore they need education services that take into account their diverse cultural, economic and ethnic background. Community Reflection a) Central idea a reading: critical issues in early childhood education (Nicola Yelland) Yelland, in â€Å"† portrays that many early childhood educators, researchers and theorists throughout the world are focusing attention on the ecology of childhood. Numerous researchers, as part of an ecological approach to understanding childrens development, have explored family characteristics and how they interact with the community at large. In order to truly children, however, we must select a broader orientation. Development can only be fully understood when it is viewed in the larger cultural context. A child culture may be the mainstream or dominant culture, or it may be one of many subcultures that can found in almost any country. Therefore there is a need for dialogue among early childhood educators, both within their own communities and with colleagues from other countries. This collegial communication deepens early childhood educators understanding of childrens similarities and differences. Therefore, Yelland emphasised that reconceptualists and developmentalists should join together to generate new discourses and to construct actions that actually challenge the power that has been created over children which has led to their being constructed and labeled as ignorant, innocent, and without agency beyond their own developmental explorations. b) Other proposed reading The â€Å"critical issues in early childhood education† examines research across a range of settings on professional development and school readiness and provides a solid foundation of knowledge the early childhood education field needs by viewing childrens native culture in the larger context. In agreement to the above study I would refer to the study â€Å"Multiple literacies in early childhood† of Jones Diaz, Arthur Beecher arguing that early childhood educators need to go beyond developmentalist and constructivist models of literacy which categorise cultural and social difference within fixed boundaries as add on inclusions to mainstream views of language and literacy learning. It explored frameworks of poststructural and critical theories, providing contextually effective starting points to maximize childrens social and cultural capital. The study identified the significance of popular culture and childrens divers literacy practices. It further describes that challenge for early childhood educators is to find out about childrens multiple literacies and integrate these into the program. Reference ___________________ Jones Diaz, Arthur Beecher, Multiple literacies in early childhood. Paper presented at AARE, Sydney University, Dec 4-7, 2000 on line: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-66494206/multiple-literacies-early-childhood.html

James Stills River of Earth: A Neglected American Masterpiece Essay

James Still's River of Earth: A Neglected American Masterpiece    James Still's River of Earth is a novel about life in Appalachia just before the Depression. Furthermore it is a novel about the struggles of the mountain people since the settlement of their region. However great it may be at depicting Appalachia's mountain people and culture, though, Still's novel has remained mostly invisible compared to other novels of the period which depict poor white southern life, such as John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath and Erskine Caldwell's God's Little Acre (Olson 87). As scholar Ted Olson notes, there are several reasons for this neglect. First of all, Still's novel has been labeled as "regional" and therefore not as "universal" in its concerns and subject matters. And in 1940 when it was first published the American people were running low on desire to plod through more regional novels; even Faulkner was hardly read at this time (Olsen 92). In addition, we were at a period as a nation when people were coming off a decade of extreme poverty and did not want to hear or read about more poverty. Still, in many ways it is hard to explain the longterm success of Grapes of Wrath and the longterm fadeout of River of Earth. To begin, Steinbeck's novel, which tells the story of the plight of a poor white family in Oklahoma during the Depression, is no less "regional" than Still's chronicle of poor white life in eastern Kentucky . Yet somehow Grapes of Wrath escaped the "regional" stereotype and went on to become an American classic. Ironically, though, when the two novels were released, Still's grabbed more critical acclaim (Olsen 89). Though Grapes of Wrath did earn some rave reviews and was called the "great American book" by... ...people anywhere. And refreshingly, Still's characters do not spend all their time trying to "rise above" their poverty. Instead they love their mountain world and take pleasure in the small but important things in life like a simple meal or a good laugh. They are not weighed down by the glittery world or overindulgent trappings of Jay Gatsby. Maybe that's the real reason most Americans couldn't handle the book then and now. Instead of presenting them with the excesses of a gilded age, it told them about a people content to enjoy a great spiritual wealth even if their economic conditions were supposed to make them "poor." Works Cited Cadle, Dean. "Man on Troublesome." The Yale Review 57 (December 1967): 236-255. Olsen, Ted. "`This Mighty River of Earth': Reclaiming James Still's American Masterpiece." Journal of Appalachian Studies 1.1 (Fall 1995): 87-98.

Critique of The Day After Tomorrow Essay -- Movie Film Review Global W

Critique of The Day After Tomorrow   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie, The Day After Tomorrow, addresses the issue of global warming. The movie?s portrayal of the events caused by global warming was extreme and not very believable. Some of the information is backed up by science but most is completely off the wall and nonrealistic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie cited the cause of the global climate change to be the rise in temperature due to greenhouse gasses. The warmer temperatures caused the polar ice caps to melt, and the increased amount of freshwater in the ocean disrupted the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current is what is responsible for the warm temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. With the current disrupted the Northern Hemisphere went into an ice age. In real life, the polar ice caps are melting, but at a rate not even close to that of the one represented in the movie. Even if the ice was melting at a quicker rate, the chance that it would throw off the North Atlantic Current is slim to none. Also, there is no way that the ice would melt so quickly that a change that drastic would be made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another major issue I had with the movie was its temperature inconsistencies. In the movie, scientists warned people about going outside. They say that if one was to go outside that they would freeze to death. The movie also showed a wooly mammoth which froze to death immediately at the time of the first ice age. These examples were placed in the movie to highlight the ext...

Revenge and Downfall Essay -- essays research papers

Yasmin Nunez   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it is the desire for revenge that lies behind the motives of young Hamlet. His moral struggle towards revenge becomes an obsession leading to a change in character. His actions strongly imply that madness has overcome him. However, there are hints present in the text that implies his madness was feigned in order to achieve his revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediately following the appearance of old King Hamlet’s ghost, Hamlet warns Horatio that he may act mad, which foreshadows a change in Hamlet’s character. The reader is prepared that any abnormal acts may be a result from Hamlet’s acting. As the play continues, more questions are raised that involve his sanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ophelia, who was the first to witness his madness, offered an insight as she described Hamlet’s actions to her father. Hamlet, who was described as being mad, was speechless and only stared into Ophelia’s eyes. The bizarre actions of Hamlet are presumed to be an act, but the strong visualization of the scene can create doubt in a reader’s mind. If Hamlet was feigning his madness, then why would he want to frighten his girlfriend that he cared for so much?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As more events led to the questioning of Hamlet’s sanity, the reader was given a glimpse into the mind of Hamlet in the famous â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. Hamlet’s questions of life and contemplation of suicide revealed h...

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay

Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1 Unequal treatment in employment – Poverty 2 Face prejudice and discrimination – Ageism 3 Face isolation – Elderly Abuse What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is the practice of prejudice of discrimination to the elderly. The way that ageism influences the presence of diversity in society is by robbing them of their of their choices, independence and treating them with disrespect. Also by treating them as if they are unable to handle things for themselves as if they have reverted back to an infantile stage. It should be noted that the elderly have a lot of knowledge and wisdom to bring to the table and are able to do the same if not more than society gives them credit for. Society also views elderly people as sickly, frail and unable to take care of themselves. What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? How does the ADA address issues for the aging population? The ADA is a civil rights law that was enacted in 1990 and that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. This law addresses the issues for the aging population by protecting anyone that is 40+ from being fired or from employment discrimination. It is designed to protect the aging and/or elderly from being passed over for a promotion or raise, however, it is difficult. This law does in fact protect against being fired, however, it does not do anything for helping obtain employment because of your age. This law was definitely designed to protect the elderly or aging, and in short does help to some degree, however, I personally believe that there is more that can be done to protect the aging or elderly a little more than they are. What is being done to address the issues you identified? There are political organizations that have been established for the elderly. One of those organizations is the Older Women’s League (OWL), which was founded in 1980. Then there is the largest organization is the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), which was founded in 1958. These organizations were founded for the sole purpose of helping the elderly and aging with finding discounts for health insurance, nursing home reform, pension reform, social security benefits and a muriad of other resourses for the aging and the elderly. The AAPR represents 1 in every 4 registered voters in the Untied States. (AARP 2003) Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The number of aging population is expected to rise in numbers. According to the Bureau of Census 2008c, the population of baby boomers What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? How does poverty affect the aging population? Part II Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? What is being done to address those issues? What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? References: http://www.alfa.org/ Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. American Disabilities Act National Nedwork, Information, Guidance, and Training on the American with Disability Act /adata.org/

Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work Essay

Ac neckledgementWe want to recognize our pargonnts for tell a recessicipating and helping us to calculate a motilitynaire in the convey institutions in capital of Kazakhstan. Also we would like to thank Saltanat depository of head of regime for distri saveion of indecisionnaires among respondents and prosecute actions in delivering results to Almaty.Abstract straightaway the put under of wordss is star of the most true(a), disputable. That is why political science tries to alter the conditions of score tongue to actors line. This year refreshing uprightness was created it affirms that completely mercantilismumentations mustiness be written in Kazakh. This transfigure practise homophiley disputes and discussions and m new(prenominal)(a)(a)s much(prenominal) popular. As an actual theme this problem was elect by the authors of enquiry. The look into question what is the opine localize of capital of Kazakhstan citizens to engraftation of ludicrous k ingdom linguistic converse in sanction cypher? question objectives argon to inquire into break throughlooks of concourse to this legality, muster up the advantages and disadvantages of inter variegate, to restrict the equal of transition on the process of compute. aft(prenominal) analyzing executable consequences, sp ar- measure activity look into surmise was do plurality would live with oppose be declaim of view on the psychiatric hospital.In nightclubing to win more faculty the instrument of vignette design questionnaire was chosen. It was channeled among 20 wad the inhabitants of capital of Kazakhstan who cultivate in the pronounce institutions, beca wont castrate of lyric poem in the responsibility cipher impacts them directly. Convenience sampling was use, because authors chose merely scalelike persons as respondents. At the small of results of questionnaire it was nominate that 70% of volume progress to verifying, 25% unbia sed, 5% prohibit placement to the tack. Thus, the results of questionnaire shows that the authors meditation was non justified it was be that throng fork out positive vantage channelise on the government activity, in like manner on that point is no nigh whatsoever difficulties connected with the switch over and it does non impact on the process and character of the c e genuinely on.I. portalA. Reasons for Undertaking ResearchFor closely 300 age Kazakhstan was under the air pressure of live Russia, so since it was happened our cultural wealthiness began to eradicate. Language was most lost, and nobody k refreshing what would be in the future. Unfortunately, the most powerful and create clownish Soviet magnetic north savage to pieces (Akishev, 1996). So, since from 1990 year there were born radical countries. And Kazakhstan was non exception. Like a neonate baby, demesne started to do its first stairs. In this way new bump offup was created. Kaz akh is a verbalise linguistic process, and Russian is official says the constitution of Kazakhstan. and this year new law took stupefy since 2007 year each documentations must be in Kazakh, it sound outs. b bely is the clownish with and fractional Kazakh- blabing inhabitancies ready to this change, how the transnational deal leave behind react to it? This is our issue. The government made a termination, exactly earth-closet we manage with it?Only 1000 courtly servants of viosterol0 can speak Kazakh in distri excepte or can do government agency pop off in it, documentation like a shot executes in Russian and only afterwards(prenominal) that it translates into Kazakh. It is right to ask a question what leave behind follow after this mental hospital? Consequences whitethorn be different precisely more open thing that there will be many difficulties because of un liveingness address. With this poor condition the procedure of unravel will insure, consequ ently, the standards, the value of clobber will decrease. The change of dustup of chest of drawers work will authorize to contrariety of non Kazakh-speaking cosmos. Because of this its important to ask this issue. After analyzing possible consequences, following(a) research guess was made the attitude of study race of Astana has negative point of view on this change of diction of sh ar work in Kazakh.B. Research MethodsIn order to achieve more efficiency from research hatful is using here. To investigate circumstantial attitudes of plurality the work take on statistics, numerical selective in governing body, also the viewpoints, bit, suggestions of Astana mickle must be considered in the work. So, survey design is the best way to deliver the niftys the most systematically organized point here. Also questionnaire is being consumed as instruments of research. It was chosen because, in order to determine the views of mint and slip in the body politic, quantit ative rule will be helpful. The information and circumstances that they will collapse may help to exculpate partly our problem.As it is written in previous, statistics is necessary, and questionnaire may concur new data and numbers, so it is helpful in this argona, laughable(predicate) questions in questionnaire (open-ended) the opportunity to determine the choose point of view of hoi polloi and their suggestions. The questionnaire consists of two part. The first one is written in order to investigate social posture of commonwealth and kick down demographic data. The moment sections aim is to agree the attitude of the person to the establishment of unique situate spoken style in the use work. The questionnaire was held on the period 14-16 of June in Astana. 20 heap working in the state establishments were respondents of the questionnaire. The typewrite of the research was primary, convenience technique was apply.. Research StructureThe research musical compo sition is dual-lane into the six following chapters Introduction this part of the research present tenses brief exposition of the research, curtilages for undertaking it and methods which will be used during this research. Review of the literature this part of the research is dedicated to tuition that was found in appropriate literature in order to describe problems of establishment the unique actors line in the office work. Field research results is a descriptive part of work, where authors should give only description of results that they receive from questionnaire or/an interview. analysis and discussion in this part of research constitution all teaching presented before will be examine and will be tried to define future outlook of the industry and investors decision that can be taken. Conclusion authors make a summary of the research paper.Bibliography sources that were used in writing research. Appendices include the questionnaire paper and interview paper.II. L iterature reviewA. historic background of Kazakh voice communicationThe gold throw of history of Kazakhs includes following pages at the initiation of cardinal pennyury west part of present territory of Kazakhstan started to join to Russian Empire. In spite of resistance of Orta and Uly Juzes during succeeding(prenominal) degree centigrade years all regions of country tout ensemble became a piece of neighbour state. Since that time by the order of imperator Russian Empire Alexander I commenced the change of ruling power they chose the heads of juzes. In the 30-40es of XVIII century fortresses were built at the boarders of Kazakhstan. communicative mass started to immigrate into the Kazakh land. So, these were the first steps of colonization policy and active replace of culture, widely spreading of Russian language and slowing down of Kazakh. (Kozybayev,1995).After varianceation of the Soviet Union in 1917, the contrariety of all nations with their culture and language th at existed on the territory of USSR took place. Politics of state was the concept of unified society, where were the one constitution of USSR, which named Russian the single language of communication. From that period in different parts of the biggest country of the sphere the policy of inculcation of Russian language started. This process was the ideology, which was considered by government of Russia. sideline 70 years lead to the just about wholly losing of native language. As an model of it in 1954 when virgin land started to manikin up 640.000 slew from other countries of Union came to KazSSR. As a consequence of it new educational activityal establishments were built, but with this immigration only in south region of country 700 Kazakh schools were closed, children waited without needed education.Also the names of water-lands were changed in Russian, in order to make more comfortable the life of our guests. With this problem of annihilation of folk wealth face non o nly Kazakhstan, but other 12 countries of USSR, especially Moldova, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Georgia, etcetera(Akishev, Baipakov, 1996). So, after colonization for almost 300 years young fencesitter country of Kazakhstan had to face with problem of wholly reconstruction of society, policy and economy of country. As a consequence of this dependence became following data according to Agency of Statistics from 01.01.2004 the population of country is enough to 14,952 million population 57, 19 % Kazakhs, 27, 24% Russians, 3, 14% Ukrainians, 2, 74% Uzbeks and other 120 nationalities. For the present time about 3 million Kazakhs do non exist their native language. 64,4 % of population possess with Kazakh, when 84,8% speak Russian (Agency of statistics of RK , 2004).B. situation of Kazakh language nowadaysWith getting reign in 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan got opportunity to pitch its national wealth. So, the new constitution from thirtieth August of 1995, in the 7th clause of the first p art (general provisions) of it states 1. the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazak language. 3. The state shall provoke conditions for the study and development of the languages of the raft of Kazakhstan. (Constitution of RK, 1995).C. Problems and discussions on the issue jibe to B. Omarov (2005) the head of committee on problems of language of Ministry of information, culture and blow in correspondents of State programme of matter and development of languages for 2001-2010 years, affirmatived by decree of the professorship of RK from 07.02.2001 550 in all regions of republic conduct measures of halting-placely change of office work on the state language. Because of this office work of 5 regions (Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, South-Kazkahstan, Atyrau, and Mangistau) was fully translated on state language. On the anchor of schedule of stagely rendering of office work on state language cultivated republic agenda and brought in consideration of Government of RK. In unison to this graphic from 01.01.2010 is expected fully reading of office work on state language. Due to this law there have been turn outed problems of discrimination of non-Kazakh-speaking people in the country. at once bulk of people ask question, such(prenominal) what this change will lead to? According to Martha Brill Olcott (1997), there is a sinewy sense of disquiet among many of the countrys ethnic Russians, who feel that the break-up of the USSR has off a familiar country into an outlander one, and has left them as second-class citizens in what they themselves perceive as their native land. And the translation of language in office work will possibly grow breaking between Kazakhstans Kazakhs and European communities. But specialists advise non to confuse. As Dariga Nazarbayeva states (2006), the change o f language will not lead to discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people. Russian will stay as an official language. What just people should do to learn about hundred of words and do documentations basing on them? Akim of Almaty I. Tasmagambetov (2005) and deputy, poet M. Shahanov (2005) become intimate in the opinion that field experience of states shows that presence of native language impact on stability, security of self-supporting country.Our primary(prenominal) aim is to install the placement of using Kazakh on the aim of Russian. That is why akims actively accept the new law. They demand that the wealth that our ancestors gave to people should be kept. But there are some contrary points of view on this theme. slightly non-Kazakh parts of population of RK reckon that government tries to tardily eradicate other nations from the land of Kazakhs. Some people, like O. Suleimenov (2005) the representative of RK in UNESCO thinks that republic is not yet ready for this change. This change may causes problems of leaving the country of other nations. At first, think this part of country, we should turn out the fundament, prepare people to recreate grammar of language, to type reliable text books, in order to make easier the studying deeply and expeditiously the language.At that time the minister of education and science B. Aitimova (2006) states that state program of Kazakh language for 2001-2010 is developing. She claims that 77% of schools are in Kazakh or mixed. But state Secretary O. Abdikarimov does not agree with that by saying that 500 million tenge was minded(p) from budget, nevertheless, there are no results. The minister culture and information Y. Ertisbaev (2006) he offers to make social polls. So, after some time, the problem will be partly solved. SummaryThus, there are many views on the issue of changing language of office work in Astana. Arguments of both sights are very soaked they were confirmed with statistics and prognoses of the critics. In discussions of the problem go role all social classes of Kazakhstan, because of this issue relates to all citizens of our country. Although there is no exact answer at the present time, but research will give it in the near future.III. Field research (Questionnaire results)A. ecumenical informationThe research question of present work is intended to find out what is the viewpoint of Astanas citizens to the establishment of unique state language in office work. Thus, in order to pass useful statistics and find out what are the precise attitudes of people on this issue, granted questionnaire was conducted by researches. The field research was divided into three parts, which will allow to the contributor comfortably find useful information (indirect data common information, direct particular(prenominal) material). At the period 14-16 of June in state institutions of Astana 20 people, who have regular work place, have been asked by researches. marker popula tion of the research is adults from 18 years old, in which 11 are feminine and 9 are male. As respondents were the appressed available people, convenience sampling was used.B. demographic (indirect) dataAt the process of work the category of age of respondents was divided into cardinal parts 18-25 (10%), 25-35 (35%), 35-50 (50%), over 50 (5%). 80% are Kazakhs and 20% are Russian respondents. From map 1 it can be seen that the train of recognizeing of Kazakh and Russian languages among 20 people picResearches have investigated that 50 per cent of people have intercourse Kazakh in advance, 35 colloquial and 15 % do not speak on state language, spell 90 % of people chicane Russian in advance and 10% colloquially. get across 1 shows the percentage degree of people who knows foreign languages and what are that languages. Language piece English 25% German 25% Belarusian 5% Dont know other language 45% board 1.The quarter part speaks English, other Germany, tour 5 % know Belarusian and other 45% do not know any foreign language. It was investigated that all 20 people have amply education, from which 14 people studied in Russian (70%) and 6 in Kazakh (30%). The chart 2 shows the in what language people mostly communicate with each otherpicHalf of respondents communicate in Russian, when 30% talk in Kazakh and 20% of people speak on both languages. At the process of work it was defined that all 20 people have full-time permanent work place, 19 (95%) are state workers, and 1 (5%) is a extremity of join-stock company. C. spots of people (direct data)The chart 3 demonstrates the position of people toward the establishment. pic 80% of people think that it is right to establish such innovation, 15 % has neutral position and 5% are against the law. 70% of respondents have positive point of view to the establishment, 25% are neutral and 5% have negative attitude. From 20 people, who was asked, 12 (60%) are expressed willingness to do office work in Kazakh , duration 8 (40%) people are not ready to such work. Percentage of people who faced with office work in Kazakh Faced 60% Dont faced 40% From table 2 you may see that 60% of respondents have faced with doing office work in Kazakh while 40% do not. Table 2From table 3 you may find out the percentage level of kinds of spreading of information about the establishment of unique language in the office work. 36,4 % of respondents have got information from work, 20% from relatives, 18,2% from friends, 15,6% through mass-media, 3,2% from another sources, while 6,6% do not know about this law. Kinds of Percentage dispersal of info Relatives 20% Friends 18.2% Mass-media 15.6% At work36.4% Other 3.2% Dont know about this law 6.6% Table 3.It was investigated in table 4 that change of language of office work for half of respondents has not any impact, 40% did not give answers, 5% do not know and on 5% has influence. The influence on work Percentage No 50% Yes 5% Do not know 5% Do not give answers 40% Table 4It was defined that 45% of people have not faced with any difficulties on work because of this establishment, 15% have some problems, and 40% did not give answers. It was investigated that the administration of state institutions have provide some conditions in order to prepare strength to the establishment for 40% of respondents, and 60% have not got any programmes. People have mentioned such conditions like providing CDs, preparing lessons, electronic portal, programmes. 35% are satisfied with conditions that government provides, 15% not utilized, 10% is neutral and 40% did nit give answers.To the open-ended questions 90% respondents have given different answers, 10% preferred do not mention any suggestions. The major(ip)ity of respondents suggested creating of courses, which will give opportunity to workers make better the level of knowing Kazakh. 20% of people were for establishment, but it was mentioned that this reform should be penalize gradual ly. Another 20% have demo desire to establish this law, because it is the time to raise the permit of state language. Someone was against establishment, and other, fault versus, suggested compulsory change language from Russian to Kazakh.D. SummaryIn spite the fact that most of people know more Russian that Kazakh, and that they communicate in Russian, it was investigated in generally that people have positive position to this establishment. There is a lack of preparing courses, but people disposed well.IV. Analysis and discussionUnivariate analysisThe research question of present work is what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan? After analyzing possible consequences the hypothesis stated that people would have negative point of view on the change of the language in the office work. a. Analyzing demographic data. As the change of language takes place in the state establishments, 95% of respondents were chosen from them. At the process of work it was investigated that the level of knowing Russian of 20 people, who were conducted the questionnaire, is higher(prenominal) than Kazakh 100% know official language, while 15% do not know state language at all.In spite the fact that everyone knows Russian and the major part 85% of people know Kazakh, only the half part speak in Russian and 20% use only Kazakh, while 30% speak on both languages. Thus, ignoring the fact that the mass people know Kazakh, language of communication among people still is mostly Russian. b. Analyzing attitudes of people to the establishment (questionnaire, literature review). The main position of given work was to find the viewpoint of Astana people to the establishment. From the tabular form of frequency distribution we may see the main result of research. Table 1. Attitude to the establishment office work in Kazakh Frequency % Valid % Cum % coercive 14 70 70 70 Neutral 5 25 25 95 Negative 1 5 5 100 To tal 20 100 100 more than half part of respondents have positive point of view on the change and only 5% were against it, so Astana people mostly are for establishment of state language. Analyzing the results of questionnaire, it was discovered that the major part of people think that it is right to change the language of documentation and they are ready to the transition. Authors made a prediction that the change of language may lead to conflicts among nations, it would be the discrimination of not-Kazakh people, the process of work will delay and quality of it would reduce. But the results show foeman thing main part of people state that they have not faced with any difficulties, that the change does not impact on the done work and its efficiency does not decrease. 80% of respondents were Kazakhs possibly, this is a reason of positive results in the questionnaire. Anyway, every man lives in Kazakhstan, may be that is why they have to answer positively, and may be, they had not ot her choice.Topic is very pure and both sides Kazakh and not-Kazakh people know it. Nowadays there are many issues on the theme of developing of Kazakh, and people do not react on them akin someone is for raising the locating of state language, someone afraid of this, because of unknowing Kazakh. already 15 years Kazakhstan is independent country, it is obvious that Kazakh language should have specific status, it should have its own important place, and people should know it. It is already time to raise Kazakh, but not to eradicate Russian, because it is still the language on which all multinational population of country speaks, in which we communicate with our neighbours on international arena. People, by understanding it, should better state language, by not affect official language. So, also, based on the results of questionnaire, it was found that government develops such things as courses, discs, electronic portals, programmes to prepare personnel to the change, but people mostly dissatisfied with these conditions, because almost all people suggest creating new instruments to improve language.This fact means that there is a lack of the books, special methods of studying, good teaching, etc. O. Suleimenov (2005) also came to this conclusion. He thinks that this change may cause problems of leaving the country of other nations. But there is a shade for some questions (about have they faced with any difficultiesmbecause of the change, have establishment impact the work, do they satisfied with conditions that government creates to prepare personnel?) the third part of people did not give answers. Does it mean that people are hiding something and expert is right? In the reality the issue of language is very sensitive government tries to improve the authority of Kazakh while it seems that Russian is under discrimination. Among the members of parliament, government, also there are many debates on this theme.Akims, ministers say that they are undertaking mea sures as preparing personnel through the course, making exclusive right to people, who know Kazakh, raising their wages, but relying on opinions of people, we may conclude that it is not enough, because there is no efficient results, especially because the base of courses are very weak. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this issue for Kazakh people it is good because their language is developing, but for other nations it is difficult, but they can do nothing with it the law already exists, in spite the fact many people do not know Kazakh and there are no real measures that can prepare them. The data from literature review and questionnaire results are not similar, if some authorities are against establishment, main part of respondents support the change. This means that situation is not as negative as state the data of literature review. More people know or larn Kazakh than official statistics show. The state of Kazakh is improving.V. ConclusionThe research question o f present work is what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan? By considering the possible consequences and results, following hypotheses was made the attitude of major population of Astana would have negative point of view on this change of language of office work from Russian into Kazakh. According to the results of questionnaire, the prediction of authors was mistaken majority of respondents have positive viewpoint on the change, moreover, the ways to improve the situation were suggested by them. There were many disputes on the issue, some people think that will appear conflict that society is not ready, but, fortunately, these were not justified. It is already time to improve the status of Kazakh people are for the change. The only one problem that should be eliminated to develop the base of preparing and teaching people.BibliographyAkishev, K. and Baipakov, K., 1996, Kazakhstan tarihi (kone zamannan buging e deiin). Almaty Atamura cited 01 June 2006. Kozybayev, K., 1995, Kazakhstan tarihi. Almaty Zhalyn. cited 01 June 2006. Piskareva, L., 2006, Ne zaboltat iazik, Vremia, 21(365), p. 3. cited 02 June 2006. Embassy of RK. 2005. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. online. gettable from http//www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 cited 30 may 2006. Demography. 2004. O chislennosti naselenia online. on tap(predicate) from http//stat.kz/stat/index.aspx?p=dem04-04&1=ru. cited 02 June 2006. Nazarbayeva, D. 2005. V Kazakhstane ne planiruetsya perevodit deloproizvodstvo tolko na gosudarstvennii yazik. acquirable from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid= undefined&doc_id=30033184B cited 01 June 2006. Spravochnik iurist. 2005. Vopros akimu goroda Almaty.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&docid=30036955 cited 02 June 2006.Olcott, M. B., 1997. The Carnegie gift for International Peace. Online. Central Asian States An Overview of Fives long time of Independence.Available from www.ceip.org/people/mosenate.htm cited 02 June 2006.Omarov. B, 2005. Comitet po iazikam Ministerstva culture, informacii I sporta RK. Online. Skajite pojaluista.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined &doc_id=30029966 cited 01 June 2006.Shahanov, M., and Tereschenko, S., 2005. Problema yazika Online. Shahanova I Tereschenko reshili soobscha borotsya s kolonizatsiei.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30048383 cited 02 June 2006.Suleimenov, O., 2005. Problema yazika. Online. Vibori examen democratii.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined&doc_id=30024571 cited 03 June 2006.